BY Mei Krismahariyanto

ATK-1
BY
MEI KRISMAHARIYANTO
Mass balance
HCl 5%
H2O 95% 1000 gram
HCl 12%
H2O 88%
mixer
HCl 25%
H2O 75%
A=650
B=350
apa yg sebaiknya :
Steady state--> Laju alir yg masuk = laju alir yg keluar mencampur larutan
Neraca masa total : A + B = C ----> HCl 5% sebanyak 650 gram +
A+ B = 1000 ......(1)
Neraca massa Komponen :
- Hcl --> 0.05 A + 0.25 B = 0.12 C
Hcl 25% sebanyak 350 gram
0.05 A + 0.25 B = 0.12 (1000)
0.05 A + 0.25 B = 120 ........(2)
- H2O -->0.95 A + 0.75 B = 0.88 C
0.95 A + 0.75 B = 0.88 (1000)
0.95 A + 0.75 B = 880.......(3)
Polimer 20%
solvent 80%
500 Kg
Polimer 10%
solvent 90% 3000 Kg
Polimer 13%
mixer solvent 87%
pure
solvent 100%
B = 1700
A=500
D=3000
C= 800
Jawaban :
* NM total : In = out ---> A + B +C = D-------------------------->C = D - A - B
500 + B +C = 3000 C = 3000-500-1700
B+C = 3000 - 500 = 2500 C = 800
* NM Komp: in = 0ut
1. Polimer------------->0.1 A + 0.2B = 0.13 D
0.1(500) + 0.2B =0.13(3000)
50 + 0.2B = 390
0.2B = 390-50 = 340 , B = 340/0.2 =1700
mk Kebutuhan utk membuat adesive 13% , dibutuhkan lar. adesive A (polimer 50Kg/solvent 450Kg), dibutuhkan adesive B(polimer 340 kg/solvent 1360kg) dibutukan solven 100% sebanyak 800 Kg)
PR, 17/4/2021
sent to mei.krismahariyanto@dsn.ubharajaya.ac.id
Theory “Basics of Process/Chemical
Engineering”
Content
• Section 1
– Theory “Basics of Process/Chemical Engineering”
– System, Process, Unit Operation, Streams, Flows,
Variables, Flow Diagrams, MB
• Section 2
– MB basics
– Theory + Problems + Exercises
Theory: Basic Definitions
• Process vs. Chemical Process
• Unit Operation
• Stream and Flows
• Process Variables
• Flow Diagram
• Block Diagram
• System
– Open System
– Closed System
– Isolated System
• Mass Balance
Process
• A series of actions or steps taken in order to
achieve a particular end.
Process
• A series of actions or steps taken in order to
achieve a particular end.
Chemical Process
• …chemical process is a method or means of
somehow changing one or more chemicals or
chemical compounds. It can occur by itself or
be caused by an outside force, and involves a
chemical reaction of some sort…
From almighty Wikipedia

Chemical Process Example
Chemical
Reaction!
Types of Diagrams
• Block Diagram
• Flow Diagram
• P&ID Diagram
Block Diagram
• Simple diagram that “shows at a glance” the
process
• Most used for MB solving
Show:
• Flows
• Unit Operations
• Some extra data
Flow Diagram
• Recommended for “general” information
P&ID
• Pipe and Instrumentation Diagram
• Formal “language” for diagram
• Type of valves
• Piping information
• Op. Unit detail
• Automation units
Unit Operations
• Basic Process Step in chemical engineering
• Unit operations involve:
– physical change or chemical transformation
• Examples:
– separation, crystallization, evaporation, filtration,
polymerization, isomerization, and other reactions
Unit Operations
• Reactors • Cyclone • Pumps
• Condensers • Separators • Compressors
• Evaporators • Mixers • Storage Tank
• H-Exchangers • Distillation C.
• Crystallizers • Absorption
• Filters Tw.
• Adsorption
Tw.
Unit Operations
Reactor
Diagram Picture Real-Life Picture

Unit Operations
Distillation Column

Unit Operations
Heat Exchanger

Unit Operations
Centrifugal Pump

Process Variables
• A process variable, process value or process
parameter is the current status of a process
under control.
• Example:
– Temperature of a furnace, process variable.
– Desired temperature is known as the set-point.
Process Variables
• Typical P.V.:
– Pressure TIP: Get to know how these PV
– Volume are measured in engineering
– Temperature
– Density
– Height (Level)
– Concentration
– Flow
– % Conversion
Flow (mass, mole, volume)
• Mass flow [kg/s] = mass flow per unit time
• Mole flow [mol/s] = mole flow per unit time
• Volume flow [m3/s] = volume flow per unit
time
• How much quantity of (mass/mole/volume) is

“flowing” per unit time
Flow (mass, mole, volume)
• Mass flow examples: • Volume Flow examples:
– 10 kg/min – 10 m3/s
– 1 lb/s – 1 liter per minute
– 350 kTon/year – 4.5 ml/day
– 3 mg per day – 18,000 gal/year
• Mole Flow examples:
– 1 mol H2O per min
– 3.02 kmol/h
– 125 lbmol/s
Flow Example
System State
• Steady State
– Typical for continuous processes
• Transient State
– unsteady-state/non-steady state
– Typical for batch, semibatch processes
System State
• Steady State: when all values of all variables in
a process do not change in time
Operation of plant:
365 days, 24h
After one year, concentrations,

flows and other P.V. Should be
the same value
Transient State
• Transient State: When any of the variables
change with time
Example:
10 liters of a mixture is fed to the pot

After 5 hours, the mixture left in the pot is about 2 liters.
Other Process Classification
• Batch process: Process is being fed once, then
time elapses and then the process products
are removed.
• Continuous process: Input and Outputs
flow/react continuously throughout the
duration of the process
• Semibatch process: Combination of Batch-
Continuous (charging a reactor)
Types of Systems
• Open System: inlet/outlet of materials to system
• Closed System: no inlet/outlet of materials
• Isolated System: no inlet/outlet of materials; no

inlet/outlet of energy to the system
Types of Systems
• Open • Closed • Isolated
Type of Systems
• Isobaric system: Constant Pressure
• Isothermal system: Constant temperature
• Isochoric system: Constant Volume
• Adiabatic system: No heat exchange Q=0

Section 2
• Mass Balance (Principle and Equation)
• MB in Steady, Unsteady and Semibatch
– Diagram Construction
– Scale-up and Basis of Calculation
– Variable-Equation counting (Solve?)
– General Methodology
• MB in Steady state: 1 unit, no reaction
• Recycle + Bypass
Section 2 (cont.)
• MB with 1 chemical reaction
– Chemistry review: Stoichiometry, limiting reactant, excess
reactant, equation balancing, conversion, selectivity, yield and
extent of reaction ε.
• MB in Chemical Equilibrium (1 reaction)
• MB with 2+ chemical reactions
• MB of Atomic and Molecular Species
• Purge
• MB in Combustion processes
– Excess air, theoretical oxygen, air composition, etc.
Mass Balance Principle
• Mass can neither be created nor destroyed, only
transformed
• Energy-Mass relationship: E=mc2

– Not used in this course; no nuclear reactions!
• We will not analyze ENERGY in this course

– Energy+Mass balances are analyzed in the Energy Balance
course
Outlet
on
mpti
n su
Inlet Co System Outlet
(reactions, mixing, and
other operations may occur
here)
tion
duc
Pro
Inlet
Outlet
MB Analysis
on
mpti
n su
Inlet Co System Outlet
(reactions, mixing, and
other operations may occur
here)
tion
duc
Pro
Inlet
Outlet
MB
Analysis
System
Inlet (reactions, Outlet
mixing, and
other operations
may occur here)
Inlet
Inlet –Outlet + Prod. – Consum. = Accumulation in system

City example
MB
Analysis Immigration = +50
Emmigration = -3
Born = +100
System Death = -25
Inlet (reactions, mixing, Outlet
and other
operations may
occur here)
What is the “accumulation” in the city?

City example
MB
Analysis Immigration = +50
Emmigration = -3
Born = +100
System Death = -25
and other
operations may
occur here)
What is the “accumulation” in the city? = 50-3+100-25 = 122

Reactor Example of A
MB
Analysis MB in system
Inlet of A = 100 kg
Production = 0 kg
System Consumption = 50 kg
Outlet = 25 kg
and other
operations may
occur here)
What is the “accumulation” in the system? = 100+0-50-25 = 25 kg accumulated in system

The Mass Balance Equation
• General Mass Balance Equation
– Inlet – Outlet + Production – Consumption = Accumulation
• It can also be done on a specie:
• Mass balance of species “i”

– Inleti – Outleti + Productioni – Consumptionii = Accumulationi
Types of Mass Balances
• Differential
• Integral
Differential MB
• Analysis in an “instant” of time
• Use of velocity/rate: g/s or kg/h, barrel/day
• Typical for continuous processes
• TIP: convenient to use time basis (1h, 1 year)
• We WILL use this a lot in the course 80%-90%

Integral MB
• It occurs between two instants
• We use quantities rather than velocities (kg, ton, lb)
• Time elapsed: Tf-Ti
• Typical for batch processes
• Feed, reaction, discharge; repeat
• We ONLY use this in transient process about 10-20%

of the course
Types of process
• Steady State (Continuous)
• Transient (Batch)
• Transient-Steady (Semi-batch)
MB: Steady State
• NO accumulation term (no differential equations XD)
• Inlet – Outlet + Production – Consumption = 0
In-Out +P – C = 0
• Examples In + P = Out + C
20 kg/h
1 mol A Distilation Column 100 mol Total
100 kg/h
Mixer
Reactor 80 kg/h
80 mol mol A 20 mol C
1 mol B
MB Steady State
Exercise 1
MB Steady State
Exercise 1
If you check all MB possibles, you get

the same answer and YOU SHOULD
MB: Batch
• No Inlet/Outlet, closed system
• Production, Consumption and Accumulation
In-Out + P – C = Accum
P – C = Accum.
Discharge
Feeding Production/reaction
MB Batch
Exercise 1
NOTE: We do not need the MB of Water (WHY??)

MB of water proves 1=1 or 0=0 WHY??
MB: Semibatch
• More complex, include continuous and batch
• Accumulation always is included
• In, Out, P, C may vary
• See next example

MB Semibatch
Example 1
MB Semibatch
Example 1
MB Semibatch
Example 1
Diagram Flow Construction
• Look for information  Organize it and Draw!
• Unit operation are blocks or “box”
• Flows are “arrows”
• No matter size/direction of arrows
F = 100 kg/h
0.5 Water w/w

0.2 H2SO4 w/w
0.3 NaCl w/w
T= 65ºC
P = 1 atm
Diagram Flow Construction
1. Tag each equipment and arrow
2. Assign variables to unknown data/flow/comp.
Airflow ? F = [] kg/h
60 kmol N2 / min 60 kmol N2 / min

40 kmol O2 / min 40 kmol O2 / min
3. Avoid excess of variables

– “C” is ½ of the inlet “F”  ½·F = C
– E is equal to the flow of the distillate “D”  F = D
4. Use same units to avoid error/conversions
Diagram Flow Construction Example
MB Steady State
Exercises
MB Steady State
Exercises
MB Steady State
Exercises
Scale-up & Basis of Calculation
• Review the next Diagrams…
• There is a “Basis of Calculation” for each.
– This basis is a number assigned to simplify the
problem
B flow = T flow
We could assign 2 kg o of P as “Basis”… solving for B, T you get half each
OR
We could assign 1kg to B or T… solving will give you twice P…
We could assign 2 kg o of P as “Basis”… solving for B, T you get half each
OR
We could assign 1kg to B or T… solving will give you twice P…
x10
If we wanted 20 kg of P…
• Just multiply by 20 the flows
• Concentrations stay the same
Units
Multiply
per
time
By mass
(x2.2 lb  kg) By time
(x60 min  hr)
• Conclusion  all processes are balanced!
Which Process is Balanced?
• NO, MB don’t match
• Yes
• Impossible to know
(reaction?)
• Not enough data!

Scale-up & Basis of Calculation Exercise 1
• The next process is to be Scaled up from 100

mol/h of Feed (F) to 1250 lbmol/h.
Scale-up & Basis of Calculation Exercise 1
MB: Non-reactive systems
• There is no reaction… therefore Production
and Consumption = 0
• It is steady state so Accum = 0
In-Out + P – C = Accum
In-Out = 0
Inlet = Outlet
• For N substances… you can ONLY write N
equations:
• If you write N+1 equations (1 balance for
global system and N balances for substances)
– You will prove 1 = 1 or 0 = 0
3 Equations
2 Unknown
Exercise 1
Example 4.3-3
Exercise 1
Exercise 1
Is it Possible to solve?
The problem shown: 10 lbmol of Feed (0.5 of A) enter and then is separated
in two streams. D = 5 lbmol and C is not known. D has 20% of A in its
composition and 40% of A is in C
All the variables in the problem

(known and unknown)
Is it Possible to solve?
Variables that are explicitly given
Equations from the MB (N=2)
Physical restrictions
Only MATH can STOP you!

Variable-Equation counting
• Don’t just do problems! Analyze
• Many times you have NO sufficient data to
solve the problem
m2
m3
m1
100 kg/h
m4 Impossible to solve for m2, m3, m4
• Relating Variable-Equations:
1. MB: global, species … up to N equations
2. Energy Balance: (not included in this course)
3. Problem “text”:
• Product is ½ feed
• 30 kg of A in stream B
• L/B ratio is 0.55
• Final amount of F in C is the same as A
4. Physical properties, laws and data
– Density (relates volume to mass, moles)
– Gas laws (ideal gas law, SKR, van der Waals)
– Phases between substances (x, y, P, T) see CH6
5. Physical restriction
– Compound fraction (1 = xa+xb+xc…xz)
Systems that can be solved
• When unknown variables = independent
equations
• The hard part is to find the independent
equations
• Try to decrease the # of unknown variables
If #unknown > # independent equations
• Search more!
Exercise
General MB Problem Solving
1. Draw and label the block diagram
2. Choose a convenient Basis of calculation
3. Tag all variables in Diagram (Flow, conc., T, P)
4. Account all variables & equations (DOF)
5. If solvable, change all volume data to mass/mole
6. When data is given, change all to either m/n
7. Translate all text to equations
General MB Problem Solving
8. Write Equation of MB (N equations fo N
substances). Order from simple to solve to
difficult.
9. Do math! Solve for all equations and variables
10. Be sure to scale-up the basis of calculus
according to the problem statements
Exercise 1
• A distillation column is being fed with a stream
of 45% Benzene and the balance Toluene. The
Product “D” flow contains 95% of benzene. An
8% of the fed benzene is being produced in
the bottoms “B”.
• If Feed “F” flow is 2000 kg/h, determine:
– A) Flow D
– B) Mass flow of Benzene and Toluene in Bottoms
Exercise 1
Exercise 1
Exercise 1
Exercise 1
Exercise 1
• Conclusion:
– Following the “methodology” helps!
– The difficult part is the assumption of equations
– MB are easy if data is known
MB in 2 Units
• In chemical processes, its normal to have 2+
Operation Units
MB in 2 Units
• In chemical processes, its normal to have 2+
Operation Units
Global Balance:
Inlet = Sweet gas +
Acid gas
MB in 2 Units
• We could create “ sub-systems” inside the
Global System
Subsystems:
• Distillation 1
• Distillation 2
• Reservoir 1
• Reservoir 2
Each has a new

MB (inlet = outlet)
MB in 2 Units
• Subsystem = any portion of a chemical process
– Unit Operation
– Two Unit Operation
– 1 Point connecting flows (mixer)
– 1 Point dividing flows (splitter)
• Applying different sub-system we could find
more independent equation to solve
MB in 2 Units
• Many equations may be redundant/dependent
• Example of redundant equations:
MB in 2 Units
Exercise 1
I labeled them as C1, C2 and P (respectively)

MB in 2 Units
Exercise 1
WHY P? it’s the most simple mass balance…

Recommended ALWAYS to start with the overall mass balance if possible
MB in 2 Units
Exercise 1
Given P, we would like to calculate other flows (if not possible go directly to compositions!)
MB in 2 Units
Exercise 1
Given all Flows (calculated) we only need to find all compositions

MB in 2 Units
Exercise 1
Do Mass Balances in Unit 1, Unit 2… you may get answers from there!
MB in 2 Units
Exercise 1
• Data Conclusion:
– Start doing Overall Mass Balance
– Try to get all the flows first
– Calculate compositions by doing MB in units
MB in 2+ Units
• Complexity increases
• MB: Global, unit, group of units

MB in 2+ Units
Exercise 1
• Calculate all Flows (E1, E2, R, Et, V, B)

• Calculate all compositions
MB in 2+ Units
Exercise 1
• From the previous problem, it is impossible to
calculate all flows
• We need more data
– Explicit data (composition values, flow falues)
– Relationship
– Ratios of flows
– % of mass of flows
– Many other data which could be written
mathematically
multiple unit
assumptiio n : steady state, no accumulation, in  out, no chemicalreactioninvolved
1. Batasan / Boundary - -  utk mencariNM overall
In  out - --  F  V1  V2  V3  P3
F  V1  V2  V3  14.670
 13,799  14,661  13.790  14.670
 56,920
2. NM unit I
NM Total - -  F  V1  P1
NM Komp : NaCl - -  0.25 F  0.33 P1
0.25 F  0.33 (43,121)
F  0.33 (43,121) / 0.25  56.920 lb
H2O - --  0.75 F  V1  0.67 P1
0.75 F  V1  0.67 (43,121)
0.75 (56.920)  V1  0.67 (43,121)
V1  0.75 (56.920)  0.67 (43,121)  13,799 lb
3. NM unit II
NM Total - -  P1  V2  P2
NM Komp : NaCl - -  0.33P1  0.50 P2
0.33 P1  0.5(28.460)
P1  43,121
H2O - -  0.67P1  V2  0.5 P2
0.67(43.121)  V2  0.5(28.460)
V2  0.67(43.121) - 0.5(28.460)  14,661 lb
4.NM Unit III
NM Total - -  P2  V3  P3
P2  V3  14.670
NM Komp : NaCl - -  0.50 P2  0.97 P3
0.50 P2  0.97(14.670)
P2  28.460 lb
H2O - -  0.5P2  V3  0.03 P3
0.5(28.460)  V3  0.03(14.670)
V3  0.5(28.460) - 0.03(14.670)  13.790 lb
Kesimpulannya : kecepatanumpan (F) adalah56.920 lb
Kecepatanair menguap alat I (V1)  13,799 lb
Kecepatanair menguap alat II(V2) 14,661 lb
Kecepatanair menguap alat III(V3) 13.790 lb
Conclusion
Kesimpulannya : kecepatanumpan (F) adalah 56.920 lb
Kecepatanair menguap alat I (V1)  13,799 lb
Kecepatanair menguap alat II(V2) 14,661 lb
Kecepatanair menguap alat III(V3) 13.790 lb
Recycle + Bypass
Bypass: a fraction of the feed is diverted

Recycle: product stream of a unit being around the unit and combined with the
returned to a previous stream/unit output stream
BACKWARDS FORWARD
Recycle
Identify
Recycle
Recycle
Identify
Recycle
Bypass
Identify
Bypass
Bypass
Identify
Bypass
Why Recycle
• For Chemical reactions to increase conversion

(reaction to form product)
• Recover a catalyst ($)
• Dilute a process stream (increasing flow and
decreasing composition)
• Control of process variables (T, P, level, etc)
• Circulation of a working fluid (refrigeration 
refrigerant; plant generation  steam)
Why Bypass
• Increase properties of product by adding raw
material (inlet material)
• Operation Unit does not work as desired
• Control Process variables (T,P,level)
Bypass/Recycle
Exercise 1
1) Qw, Pc, Fe, Fc, R/F

2) Conclusion if no Recycle
Bypass/Recycle
Exercise 1
• Draw Diagram… Label flows and write all comp.
1) Calculate  Qw, Pc, Fe, Fc, R/F

Bypass/Recycle
Exercise 1
Bypass/Recycle
Exercise 1
Bypass/Recycle
Exercise 1
1) Calculate  Qw, Pc, Fe, Fc,

2) R/F  5630/4500 = 1.25
If no recycle: you will loss all the crystals in solution!

• MB in Reactive systems
MB in Reactive systems
• We've seen so far MB in non-reactive systems:
– MB for 1 unit
– MB for 2 and 2+ unit
– MB with recycle and bypass
• Now we must Balance Problems involving
REACTIONS
• We need to cover some theory first

MB in Reactive systems
• Reaction basics kinetics
• Stoichiometry
• We will use now “Production – Consumption”
term
• NO Accumulation in the system (continuous)
• STOICHIOMETRY
Stoichiometry for MB reactive systems
• Stoichiometry Coefficient
• Stoichiometric Ratio (A/B)
• Balancing Equations
• Limiting reactant
• Excess reactant
• % Conversion
• Extent of reaction ε
again... Stoichiometry Coefficient/Ratio
• Coefficient: “number” applied to a mole in a

reaction
– For: C3H8 + 9/2·O2  3CO2 + 3H2O
– Coefficient of C3H8 = 1
– Coefficient of O2 = 9/2 or 4.5
– Coefficient of H2O = 3
– Coefficient of CO2 = 3
Stoichiometry Coefficient/Ratio
• Ratio: relationship between two species (may
be product:product; product:reactant or
reactant:reactant)
– For: C3H8 + 9/2·O2  3CO2 + 3H2O
– Ratio of A:B
– Ratio of A:C
– Ratio of B:A
– Ratio of C:C
Stoichiometry Coefficient/Ratio
• Ratio: relationship between two species (may
be product:product; product:reactant or
reactant:reactant)
– For: C3H8 + 9/2·O2  3CO2 + 3H2O
– Ratio of A:B = 1:9/2 or 0.22 mol A/molB

– Ratio of A:C = 1:3 or 0.33 mol A/ mol C
– Ratio of B:A= 9/2 : 1 or 4.5 mol B / mol A
– Ratio of C:C = 1:1 WHY?
Stoichiometry: Balancing Equations
• From mass balance concept: mass is not
created nor destroyed… Same applies for
atoms
• Example: Propane
• C3H8+O2  CO2 +H2O
– Balance C: C3H8 + O2  3CO2 + H2O
– Balance H: C3H8 + O2  3CO2 + 4H2O
– Balance O: C3H8 + 9/2·O2  3CO2 + 3H2O
Stoichiometry: Balance Equation
Stoichiometry: Balance Equation
Practice Problems
Balance the next equations to master “Combustion” Equations
• LIMITING REACTANT
Stoichiometry Limiting Reactant
• If A + B  C
• We need 1 mol of A and 1 mol of B to react
• If A is little less than 1 mol.. We wont be able
to achieve 1 mol of C, B will not react
completely
• A is said to be the limiting reactant (it limits
the reaction; B could further react to form C)
pengertiannya ya sis..
• A reactant is limiting if it is present in less than its stoichiometric proportion
relatively to every other reactant
• Limiting reactant is the reactant which is present in such proportions that its
consumption will limit the extent to which the reaction can proceed. This
reactant will not be present in excess of that required to combine with any
of the other reacting materials.
• It is the reactant which is present in such proportion that it’s compete
consumption by the reaction will limit the extent to which the reaction can
proceed.
• It is the reactant that would disappear first if a reaction goes to completion.
• it is the species in a chemical reaction that would theoretically run out first
(would be completely consumed) if the reaction were to proceed to
completion according to the chemical equation
Formula
example
Determine limiting reactant-1
• As below following reaction :
• SF4 + I2O5  IF5 + SO2
If 4.687 gram SF4 reacted to 6.281 gram I2O5
to produce IF5 and SO2
Step :
1. Define stoichiometry each reactant & product
2. Divide by coefficient
3. Look for something smaller reactant
EXCESS REACTANT
Stoichiometry Excess Reactant
• From A + B  C
• B is in “excess” since there is still B able to
react but no A
• If A + B + 2F + 2 H  C
– There is only one limiting reactant
– There is 3 excess reactants
Excess Reactants
• Excess reactant is the reactant which is taken
more than the requirement to combine with
other reactant as per the Stoichiometry.
• It is the reactant which will be present in the
product even if the reaction goes to
completion. It is the one which is in excess of
theoretical or stoichiometric requirement.
Stoichiometry Limiting/Excess Exercise 1
Stoichiometry Limiting/Excess Exercise 2
Stoichiometry % Conversion
• If A + 2B  C
• Not all A reacts…
• % of conversion : amount of reacted A vs feed
A…
• XA denotes conversion of A … min = 0; max 1

Stoichiometry % Conversion
Exercise 1
You actually don’t need B,C moles nor P

Extent of reaction ε
• This applies always:

• Ni = actual moles of species “i”
• Nio= initial moles of species “i” fed
• ε = extent of reaction
• i = “reactant/product coefficient of species “i””
• - for reactants
• + for products
Example NH3 prod.
• Then at any moment…
• Ni = Nio + βi·ε
• “Actual moles of I is equal to, Moles fed of I

+/- de coefficient of I in the reaction times the
extent of reaction”
Exercise
using extent reaction
• Reaction has occurred as following
• Find exit gas of product composition

Exercise 1
Ni = Nio + βi·ε
Exercise 1
Given data…
Substitute!
From Equation “Stoichiometric Coefficients”

Exercise 2
a) Limiting reactant
b) % excess if any
c) How much is left of the excess?
d) If Xa = 0.50?
Exercise 2
• Limiting reactant
Ei < Ej … Then “i” limits reaction WHY?

A : limiting reactant
B : excess reactant
Exercise 2
• How much is left of the excess?
Exercise 2
• % excess if any
Exercise 2
• If Xa = 0.50?
Exercise 3
• The reaction A+B+3/2 C  D +3E
• Theres is a 100 mol Feed
Exercise 3
• Change “air” composition to
“Oxygen/Nitrogen”
Exercise 3
• We now choose a Basis and calculate all the
moles involved in the flows
Exercise 3
• All the stoichiometric values
from the equation
(BALANCED)
• A+B+3/2 C  D +3E
Exercise 3
• Substitute in the
generic equation
Ni = Nio + βi·ε
βi= + product
- reactant
Exercise 3
• Substitute initial moles
(data is given)
Exercise 3
• A) Calculate the limiting reactant.
– Remember Ei < Ej
Exercise 3
• B) Calculate the % excess of the other 2
reactants (by now, you know its O2 and B)
Exercise 3
• C) What would be the mole flows if Xa = 30%
MB in Chemical Equilibrium
• Chemical Equilibrium: reaction is possible also reversible
A+BC
CA+B
• In general, not all reactions are reversible
• If you are nterested in this type of reactions…

– Watch:
• Thermodynamics course
• Equilibrium Thermodynamics course
• @ www.ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com
• We will use Equilibrium constants! @T = constant
• Imagine: CO + H2O <-> CO2 + H2
• K eq= [Products]^y/[Reactants]^x = [CO2][H2] / [CO][H2O]
– [X] = typical nomenclature for “molar concentration”
• Lets use another concentration…
– yA = mol of A / total moles
• The equilibrium concentration is now:
– K eq = (yCO2·yH2)/(yCO2·yH2O)
• @T = 1105 K … K = 1.0
• K eq: Equilibrium constant
• K eq @ T (it is Temperature dependent)
• Want to learn more about chemical

equilibirum?
– Review Chemistry Classes in “Chemical
Equiblirium”
– Review Equilibrium Termodynamics Course
– @ www.ChemicalEngineeringGuy.com
Exercise 1
• A) Calculate the composition in equilibrium

• B) Calculate the fractional conversion of limiting reactant
Exercise 1
Exercise 1
Exercise 1
Exercise 1
2/3
• A)
• B) Fractional conversion of CO
– fCO = (1-yco) = 1- 0.333 = 0.667
MB in systems with Multiple Reactions
• Theory
– Yield  real vs. theoretical
– Selectivity  desired vs. non-desired
– Multiple Reactions  2+ reactions at same place
• Some reactants will react to give our desired
product(s)
• Some product/reactant may form side
reactions to give non-desired product(s)
• This decreases %Conversion which means -$$
MB in systems with Multiple
• Example:
– C2H6  C2H4 + H2 (1)
– C2H6 + H2  2·CH4 (2)
– C2H6+C2H6  C3H6 + CH4 (3)
• We would like to produce C2H4
• CH4, C3H6 are expensive to separate
MB in systems with Multiple
• Example:
– C2H6  C2H4 + H2 (1)
– C2H6 + H2  2·CH4 (2)
– C2H6+C2H6  C3H6 + CH4 (3)
• We would like to produce C2H4
• CH4, C3H6 are expensive to separate
• Conclude why is it difficult to produce C2H6 only

Yield
• Yield: Describes how our desired reaction
performs
• Special attention in “limiting reactant had

reacted completely”
• As Yield of A increases, more moles of A are
being produced
Selectivity
• Selectivity: how the reaction arrange to
produce our desired component
• Generally as SA/B= selectivity of A over B

• As SA/B increases, more moles of A are being
produced
MB in systems with Multiple RXN
• Theory
– Yield  real vs. theoretical
– Selectivity  desired vs. non-desired
– Multiple Reactions  2+ reactions at same place
• We can use Extent of reaction (ε)
– We need one E.ofR (ε) for every reaction!
– ε1 and ε2 if there are two reactions
– βi1, βj1 ; βi2, βj2
Exercise 1
• C4H4 + ½ O2  C2H4O (1)

• C2H4 + 3 O2  2CO2 + 2H2O (2)
• Express all the species with equation:

• Ni = Nio + β1i·ε1 +β2i·ε2
Exercise 1
• Express all the species

with equation:
• Ni = Nio + β1i·ε1 +β2i·ε2
Yield+Selectivity in Multiple Reactions
Exercise 2
Exercise 2
• We have ε1 and ε2 (RXN1, RXN2)

• β1i and β2i “i” for every species
Exercise 2
• Just substitute values to Equation
– Ni = Nio + β1i·ε1 +β2i·ε2
NR: Non-reacted
moles
R: Reacted moles
From the Conversion given in the text… Xe = 50.1%
Exercise 2
• Calculating moles of C2H6 @ 50.1%
• From the Yield Information Y = 0.471

Exercise 2
• Finally, substitute and solve equations
Exercise 2
• With ε1 and ε2
MB atomic species vs. molecular
• We could either do the mass balance:
– Molecules (H2O, CO2, N2, CH3·OH)
– Atoms (H, C, N, C)
• Some times is more efficient to do atomic
species MB
• In Molecular MB: N = molecules
• In Atomic spcies MB: N = atomic species
• Advantage of atoms:
– Atoms don’t create nor destroy!
– No production, no consumption
– Inlet = Outlet (Since Accumulation = 0 )
• NOTE: take care in diatomic elements:

– HONClBrIF
– H2, O2, N2, Cl2, Br2, I2, F2
– H2 ->Hydrogen gas or even just “Hydrogen”
– H -> Hydrogen Atom
Exercise 1
Ethane is going to be dehydrated to form ethene.
The reactor is fed 100 mol of C2H6.
The outlet has 40 gmol of H2
A) Calculate n1, n2
Exercise 1
Do atomic Balances on each specie (C,H,O) N = 3
Exercise 1
Exercise 1
MB/Atomic done!
N1, N2 flows
Exercise 2
• 100 mol of Methane are being burned. There
is a 90% conversion of the limiting reactant.
Calculate all moles @ outlet
Exercise 2
Exercise 2
• Proceed to do Mass Balance of Atomic Species (C,
H, and O)
• We could do balance in species C2 and O2 WHY?
Exercise 2
Conversion: Global vs. Single-Pass
• Global conversion “Xa global” or “Xa process”
• Single-Pass Conversion “Xa in Unit”
• Global:
– Process Inlet
– Process Outlet
• Single-Pass
– Unit Inlet
– Unit Outlet
• It must be specified
• If not, suppose it is Operation Unit conversion
Purge
• We are producing non-desired products in the

system
• We are recycling some sort of stream with this
non-desired product
– We need to purge them…
– accum. of substance = 0
Purge
• Solve this type of problems as before, no

difference (it is actually a “Product” line)
• Purge:Feed ratio is a common data given
Purge
Purge: Exercise 1
Purge: Exercise 1
Purge: Exercise 1
• Make a MB in the Reactor (RKT)
Purge: Exercise 1
Purge: Exercise 1
Purge: Exercise 1
• Keep doing math… the MB are almost done
Purge: Exercise 1
Purge: Exercise 1
Purge: Exercise 1
MB in Combustion
• Combustion: is a high-temperature
exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel
and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen,
that produces oxidized, often gaseous
products
• Why burning? To get heat energy  electrical

energy  electricity!
MB in Combustion
• Importance of Combustion
– Heat energy (not analyzed in this course)
– Reactants
• Fuel
• Oxygen
• Inerts (don’t react)
– Products
• CO2
• CO
• H2O
• SO2
• Inerts (just flow out)
MB in Combustion
• General idea:
• Fuel + Oxygen  CO2 + H2O + Heat
• Ex: CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O (not balanced)

MB in Combustion
• Balancing equation is SUPER important!
• Failing  wrong mass balance
• Tips for balancing (order)

– Balance all Carbon atoms
– Balance all Hydrogen Atoms
– Balance all Oxygen Atoms (don’t hesitate to use
fractions in moles)
MB in Combustion
• Example: Propane
• C3H8+O2  CO2 +H2O

– Balance C: C3H8 + O2  3CO2 + H2O
– Balance H: C3H8 + O2  3CO2 + 3H2O
– Balance O: C3H8 + 9/2·O2  3CO2 + 3H2O
Air Composition
• Nitrogen
• Oxygen
• Noble gases (Ar, Kr, Ne, He)
• CO2, Methane, H2, H2O
Air Composition (Table)
Molecular Weight (average) = 29 g of Air / gmol Air

Source: Wikipedia
Air Composition
• Why bother balancing 0.97% of other gases?
• In engineering… we can assume air
composition as:
– 0.79 N2
– 0.21 O2
• We WILL use this assumption in all
Combustion problems!
N2 – O2 relationship
• 1 mol of air contains:
– 0.21 mol of O2
– 0.79 mol of N2
• Relationship of O2/N2
– 0.79 mol N2 per 0.21 mol O2
– 0.79/0.21 = 3.76 mole of N2 per mol O2
Wet vs. Dry Base
• Wet base composition: composition of a flow
including Water as a component.
• Dry Base composition: composition of a flow
NOT including Water as a component.
Example: Calculate Dry and Wet compoisition of Air if: 1 mol O2, 1 mol N2, 1 mol H2O
0.33 O2; 0.33 N2, 0.33 H2O  Wet composition of Air

0.5 O2; 0.5 N2; H2O not included  Dry composition of Air
View more exercises HERE

Dry & Wet Base: Exercise 1
Now go backwards… From Dry basis to mass of Water
Theoretical Oxygen, Excess Oxygen
• Many times, there is an excess of oxygen to avoid
incomplete combustion…
– CH4 + 4·O2  CO2 + 2H2O but may also react:

– CH4 + 3/2·O2  CO + 2H2O
• Using excess:
– CH4 + 5·O2  CO2 + 2H2O (not probably to form CO)
Theoretical Oxygen
• Oxygen needed to perform a 100%
combustion
• For CH4 + 4·O2  CO2 + 2H2O
• Theoretic Oxygen is 4 mol of O2

Excess Oxygen
• Excess oxygen: oxygen not reacted after a
100% combustion
• CH4 + 5·O2  CO2 + 2H2O

• But we need only 4 mol O2 = 1 mol wont react
• Excess oxygen: 1 mol

% of Excess Oxygen
• Express the excess in %
% Excess Oxygen = [Oxygen feed – Oxygen (theoretical)]/[Oxygen (theoretical)]
• So a 20% oxygen excess for CH4 would be:

20%= (Oxygen feed – 4 mol O2)/ (4 mol O2)
0.2·4 = O -4
O = 4+0.8 = 4.8 moles of O2
Theoretical Air, Excess Air
• Since we use air to get oxygen in the reaction
– We need to calculate air flows from Oxygen
• Theoretical Air: air needed to get the

theoretical oxygen contained
• Excess Air: excess air fed to get higher
combustion rates
% Excess Air
• Similar to % Excess oxygen:
• Be aware of the NITROGEN content of “air”

• Nitrogen is 3.76x in quantity than O2
• Will definitively change compositions
Air & Oxygen excess: Exercise 1
• NOTE: the definition implies 100% conversion!

So there should be no difference
MB Combustion Tips
• Never forget N2 (inert) in MB equations
• Review CO vs. CO2 balances
• Any side reactions of S or N to SOx or NOx?
• If Oxygen in excess, review Oxygen balance in the
outlet stack gas
• Remember the relationship 3.76 mol N2 per mol O2
• Balance equation and double check balance!
MB Combustion
Exercise 1
MB Combustion
Exercise 1
MB Combustion
Exercise 1
MB Combustion
Exercise 1
• Table of Composition in Outlet (Stack Gas)
MB Combustion
Exercise 1
MB Combustion
Exercise 1
• NOTE: Book is
probably wrong
More exercises in problem section!

End of Section 2
• WE are done with Section 2
• You know the basics of MB
– 1,2 or + units
– No Reactive + Reactive systems
– With purge, recycle and bypass
– Combustion
More exercise in problem section!

End of MB1: Introduction
• You should be now able to perform MB of process
• Hopefully:
– You are able to draw a Diagram from a “text” problem
– You are able to apply the methodology of MB
– You are now able to do a DOF analysis
– You can differentiate between: non-reactive MB, reactive
MB, 2+ Unit MB, Combustion MB, Purge, Recycle, Bypass…
– You practice a lot of problems!
• Theory alone will not help
– This is the basis of chemical engineering! Learn it well!
Bibliography
• Elementary Principles in Chemical Processes. Felder, R;
Rousseau, R. 3rd edition.
• Basic Principles and Calculation in Chemical Engineering.

Himmelblau, D. 7th edition.

BY Mei Krismahariyanto

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ATK-1

From almighty Wikipedia

Diagram Picture Real-Life Picture

Diagram Picture Real-Life Picture

Diagram Picture Real-Life Picture

Diagram Picture Real-Life Picture

• How much quantity of (mass/mole/volume) is

After one year, concentrations,

10 liters of a mixture is fed to the pot

• Closed System: no inlet/outlet of materials

• Isolated System: no inlet/outlet of materials; no

• Isothermal system: Constant temperature

• Isochoric system: Constant Volume

• Adiabatic system: No heat exchange Q=0

• Energy-Mass relationship: E=mc2

• We will not analyze ENERGY in this course

Inlet –Outlet + Prod. – Consum. = Accumulation in system

What is the “accumulation” in the city?

What is the “accumulation” in the city? = 50-3+100-25 = 122

What is the “accumulation” in the system? = 100+0-50-25 = 25 kg accumulated in system

• It can also be done on a specie:

• Mass balance of species “i”

• TIP: convenient to use time basis (1h, 1 year)

• We WILL use this a lot in the course 80%-90%

• We ONLY use this in transient process about 10-20%

1 mol A Distilation Column 100 mol Total

If you check all MB possibles, you get

NOTE: We do not need the MB of Water (WHY??)

• See next example

0.5 Water w/w

60 kmol N2 / min 60 kmol N2 / min

3. Avoid excess of variables

• Not enough data!

• The next process is to be Scaled up from 100

All the variables in the problem

Equations from the MB (N=2)

Only MATH can STOP you!

Each has a new

I labeled them as C1, C2 and P (respectively)

WHY P? it’s the most simple mass balance…

Given all Flows (calculated) we only need to find all compositions

• MB: Global, unit, group of units

• Calculate all Flows (E1, E2, R, Et, V, B)

Bypass: a fraction of the feed is diverted

• For Chemical reactions to increase conversion

1) Qw, Pc, Fe, Fc, R/F

1) Calculate  Qw, Pc, Fe, Fc, R/F

1) Calculate  Qw, Pc, Fe, Fc,

If no recycle: you will loss all the crystals in solution!

• We need to cover some theory first

• Coefficient: “number” applied to a mole in a

– Ratio of A:B = 1:9/2 or 0.22 mol A/molB

• XA denotes conversion of A … min = 0; max 1

You actually don’t need B,C moles nor P

• This applies always:

• “Actual moles of I is equal to, Moles fed of I

• Reaction has occurred as following

• Find exit gas of product composition

From Equation “Stoichiometric Coefficients”

Ei < Ej … Then “i” limits reaction WHY?

• If you are nterested in this type of reactions…

• Want to learn more about chemical