Intermolecula

r Forces and
Some
Properties of
Liquids
Intermolecular
Force
an attraction
between molecules.

important in
establishing the
surface tension and
viscosity of a liquid.
Surface tension
energy or work
required to increase
the surface area of a
liquid.
LIQUID SURFACE
TENSION
WATER 72 mN/m
OIL 30–35 mN/m
VINEGAR 55 mN/m
ALCOHOL 21-25 mN/m
 Surface
tension

The stronger
the intermolecular interac
tions, the greater
the surface tension

Surface tension decreases
with
increasing temperature.
 Cohesive &
Adhesive

Cohesive Forces – the

intermolecular forces
between like molecules.

Adhesive Forces – the

intermolecular forces
between unlike molecules.
 Surface
tension
Sugar affects the surface
tension of water because
when the dissolution process
takes place, causing the
breaking of the hydrogen
bonds in water due to the
hydration energy that is
generated by the interaction
of sugar with the molecules
of water it leads to a
reduction of the surface
tension.
 Surface
tension
The salt water has a much
lower cohesion than
plain water so it's attractive
forces are less than
plain water. The surface
tension does increase when
the salt is added to
the water so that means that
the penny drop experiment
is mostly affected by
the water's cohesive forces.
 Surface
tension
When detergent is added to
water, it decreases
the surface tension of the
water. Compounds that
lower water's surface
tension are called
surfactants, which work by
separating the water
molecules from one another.
GROUP PLAIN W/ SUGAR
1 24 15 correct

2 6 8 wrong

3 12 5 correct

4 20 23 wrong

5 31 22 correct

GROUP PLAIN W/ SALT

1 24 22 wrong

2 6 7 correct

3 12 7 wrong

4 20 23 correct

5 31 25 wrong

GROUP PLAIN W/ DETERGENT

1 24 22 correct

2 6 9 wrong

3 12 9 correct

4 20 28 wrong

5 31 18 correct
 LIQUID # 1 VISCOSITY (1-4) NUMBER OF
DROPS
PLAIN WATER 1 24 (1)
WATER + 2 22 (2)
DETERGENT
WATER + SALT
WATER +
3 22 (2) GROUP 1
4 15 (4)
SUGAR

LIQUID VISCOSITY(1-4) NUMBER OF

DROPS
PLAIN WATER 1 6 (4)
WATER +
DETERGENT
4 9 (1) GROUP 2
WATER+ SALT 3 7 (3)
WATER + SUGAR 2 8 (2)

LIQUID #1 VISCOSITY NUMBER OF

DROPS
PLAIN WATER 1 12 (1)
WATER +
DETERGENT
2 9 (2) GROUP 3
WATER + SALT 4 7 (3)
WATER + SUGAR 3 5 (4)
LIQUID VISCOSITY(1-4) NUMBER OF
DROPS
PLAIN WATER 1 20 (4)
WATER +
DETERGENT
4 28 (1)
GROUP 4
WATER+ SALT 2 22 (3)
WATER + SUGAR 3 23 (2)

LIQUID VISCOSITY(1-4) NUMBER OF

DROPS
PLAIN WATER 1 31 (1)
WATER + 4 18 (4)
DETERGENT GROUP 5
WATER+ SALT 2 25 (2)
WATER + SUGAR 3 22 (3)
GROUP WATER OIL VINEGAR ALCOHO
L
1 24 (1) 35 (3) 39 (2) 59 (4)

GROUP WATER OIL VINEGAR ALCOHO

L
2 6 (1) 22 (3) 6 (2) 29 (4)

GROUP WATER OIL VINEGAR ALCOHO

L
3 12 (1) 31 (3) 20 (2) 36 (4)

GROUP WATER OIL VINEGAR ALCOHO

L
4 20 (1) 17 (3) 20 (2) 32 (4)

GROUP WATER OIL VINEGAR ALCOHO

L
5 31 (1) 20 (3) 38 (2) 23 (4)
 Viscosity

liquid’s resistance to flow

The stronger the

intermolecular forces of
attraction, the greater the
viscosity. Cohesive forces
within the liquid create an
internal friction which
reduces the rate of flow.
 Vaporization

the passage of molecules

from the surface of a liquid
into a gaseous, or vapor,
state
Vapor pressure

Vapor Pressure – the pressure

exerted by vapor in dynamic
equilibrium with its liquid.

Volatile – liquids with high

vapor pressure at room
temperature; weak
intermolecular forces.

Nonvolatile – liquids with very

low vapor pressures; strong
intermolecular forces.