CHAPTER TWO

DERIVATIVES

BY SOLOMON BATI

JU, 2010

1 By: Solomon Bati

 At the end of this unit students enable to:
Learning Objectives:

Define the derivative of a function at a point.

Determine the slope of the tangent line to the graph
of a function at a given point.
State the basic properties of derivatives.
Identify whether a given function is differentiable at
a given point or not.
Find the derivative of polynomial, exponential,
logarithmic, trigonometric, hyperbolic functions,
inverse functions, etc.
Find the higher (or nth ) derivatives of a given
2 function.
By: Solomon Bati
 2.1. Definitions, Notions and Examples
Definition: Let a be a no in the domain of a function f. If the limit
f ( x)  f (a )
lim
x a xa
exists, we call this limit the derivative of f at a and we
write it as f (a ) . So that
f ( x)  f (a )
f (a )  lim (1)
xa xa
 If the limit in Eq. (1) exists, we say that
- f has derivative at a
- f is differentiable at a
or - f (a ) exists.
3 By: Solomon Bati
 Cont.…
 If the limit in Eq. (1) does not exist we say that f is not
differentiable at a or f has no derivative at a.
 If we put x = a+ h then, Eq. (1) can be written in form
f ( a  h)  f ( a )
f (a)  lim (2)
h0 h
 This Eq. (2) is an alternative way of writing the derivative of
function f at a.
Notations: The derivative of a function f at a may also be given by
d dy
f ( x) , Df ( a ) or (a ) where, y = f  x 
dx x a dx

4 By: Solomon Bati

 2.2. Differentiability
Note that: The derivative of a function f with respect to x isa
functionwhose domain is the set of numbers for which fis
differentiable and whose value at any real number x is given by
f (t )  f ( x ) 
f '( x)  lim 
tx tx 
 (3)
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) 
f ( x)  lim
h 0 h 


Definition: If f is differentiable at each number in its domain, then

f is said to be a differentiable function.

5 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
Example 1: Let f(x) = 2x2 – 3x + 6, then find f (1)
Solution: Using Eq. (1), we have
f ( x )  f (1)
f (1)  lim
x 1 x 1
2 x 2  3x  6  5
 lim  lim 2 x  1  1
x 1 x 1 x 1

Therefore f is differentiable at 1 and f (1)  1.

Example 2: Let f(x) = c, where c is a constant, show that f ( x)  0

for all x.
Solution: By definition of the derivative we find that
f (t )  f ( x) cc
f '( x)  lim  lim  lim 0  0, x
tx tx t  x t  x t x

6 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
Example 3: Show that f ( x )  x , n  N is a differentiable
n

function and f ( x)  nx
n 1
for all x.
Solution:


Note that: t n – x n  (t - x) t n2  t n3 x 2    tx n2  x n 1 
f (t )  f ( x ) t n  xn
We have f '( x)  lim  lim
tx tx tx t  x

 n 1 n2 n 3 2
= lim t  t x  t x  ...  tx  x
tx
n 2 n 1

 lim  x
n 1
 x n2 x  x n3 x 2  ...  xx n2  x n1 
tx                
n terms
n 1
= nx
Since f ( x )  nx
n 1
is defined for all x, f is a differentiable
function.
7 By: Solomon Bati
 Cont.…
Observe that: we have derived the basic formula of calculus
d
f '( x ) 
dx
 x n   nx n1 , n  N

For example, if f  x   x17 , then f ( x )  17 x .

16

Example 4: Let f ( x )  x  1 , then find the derivative of f at x = 3

Solution: Using Eq. (1) we have
f ( x )  f (3) x 1  2
f '(3)  lim  lim
x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3
x 1  2 x 1  2 1 1
 lim   lim    
x3 x3 x 1  2 x 3 x 1  2 4
1
Therefore f is differentiable at 3 and f '(3)    .
4

8 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
Example 5: Let f ( x)  x  4 , then f in f '(4) .
Solution: Using Eq. (1) we have
f ( x)  f (4) x4
f '(4)  lim  lim
x4 x4 x4 x  4

 x  4 , if x  4
Observe that x  4  
( x  4), if x  4
x4 x4
Thus, lim  1 and lim  1
x4 x4 x4 x4
x4 x4
Since xlim  lim , it follows that f is not differentiable at
 4 
x4 x  4 x4
x  4 .
Follows that f is not differentials at x  4 .

9 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
Example 6: Let f  x   x 2 , show that f   x   2x for all x in  .
Solution: Using Eq. (3),
f (t )  f ( x )
f '( x)  lim
tx tx
t 2  x2 (t  x)(t  x )
 lim  lim  lim(t  x)  2 x
tx t  x tx tx tx

Example 7: Let f  x   cos x , show that f   x    sin x , x in  .

Solution: Using limit definition of derivative, we have:
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f ( x)  lim
h0 h
cos( x  h)  cos x cos( x)cos(h)  sin( x)sin(h)  cos x
 lim  lim
h0 h h0 h
 cos( x) lim
 cos(h)  1  sin( x) lim sin( h)  0  sin x  sin x
h0 h h0

10 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
Activity 1:
I. Use the definition of derivative to determine whether the given
function has derivative at a or not. If it is differentiable at a find f’(a).
1. f(x) = x4/3 ; a = 0 2. f(x) = x3/4 ; a = 0
5 1
3. f(x) = 2 x  5 , a 4. f ( x )  2 , a  0
2 x

  x  4 x for x  0
2

5. f ( x )   2
x 1
 for x  0, a0
II. Determine whether the following function are differentiable or not
x 1
1. f(x) = -2x2 + x + 1 2. f ( x) 
x2
3. f (x) = x1/3 4. f(x) = sin x
5. f(x) = x 1 6. f ( x)  x  x
2 x 2  1, x  1
7. f ( x )  
4 x , x  1
11 By: Solomon Bati
 2.3. Geometrical Interpretation of the Derivative
Let the graph of y = f(x) be represented by the curve APQB shown
in the figure below. The difference quotient
QR f (a  h)  f (a )
  tan 
PR h
Is the slope of the secant line joining points P and Q of the curve.
As h  0, this secant line at the point P. Then
f (a  h)  f (a) SR
lim   tan 
h0 h PR
is the slope of the tangent line to the curve at the point P.

12 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…

y =f(x)
Q

S
f(a+h)-f(a)

P
R

f(a)
A
B
0 a a+h x

An equation for the tangent line to the curve y = f(x) at a point

where x = a is given by
y – f  a   f  a  x – a
13 By: Solomon Bati
 Cont.…
The fact that a function can be continuous at a point and yet not be
differentiable there is shown graphically in Fig. below. In this case
there are two tangent lines at P represented by lines PM and PN
and the slopes of these tangent lines are given by
f ( x)  f (a ) f ( x )  f (a )
f '( a  )  lim and f '( a  )  lim
xa xa x a xa

M N

x
0 a

14 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
Definition: The tangent line to the graph of f at the point P(a, f(a))
is defined as:
a) The line containing P with slope f (a ) if f (a ) exists
b) The vertical line x = a if f (a)   or f (a)   .
Remark:
i. If neither (a) nor (b) holds the graph of f does not have a
tangent line at P.
ii. The normal line to the graph of f at the point P(a, f(a)) is the
line continuing P perpendicular to the tangent line.

15 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
Example 8: Find an equation of the tangent line and normal line to
the graph of f at the indicated points.
a. f (x) = x2 + 2, P (1, 3) b. f(x) = sin x, P (  , 1)
2
c. f(x) = 3 x , P (0, 0) d. f(x) = x  2 , P (2, 0)
Solution
By the definition of the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the
function f at the point P(a, f(a)) is given by
f ( x)  f (a ) f ( a  h)  f ( a )
f '( a)  lim or f '( a)  lim
x a xa h 0 h
a) For f(x) = x2 + 2 and P = P(1, 3)  slope  f (a )  2 .
Now using point slope form of equation of a line, the equation of
the tangent line to the graph of f at P(a, f(a)) is given by
y  f  a   x – a   f  a 

16 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
Thus the required equation of the line is
y  2  x – 1  3  2 x  1.
And an equation of the normal line to the graph f at the point
P(a, f(a)) is given by
1 1 7
y  x – a   f   
a 
   x – 1 +3   x 
f '( a ) 2 2
 
b) For f(x) = sin x and P = P  ,1
2 
 
 slope = f '  = 0 and an equation of the tangent line is the
2
line y = 1. Since the tangent is horizontal, the normal line is a
vertical line through the point P(  , 1).
2

Hence an equation of the normal line is x = .
2

17 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
3
c) Let f(x) = x and P(0, 0)
slope = f (0) , but f (0) is not finite .
Hence the graph of f has a vertical tangent line at x = 0, and the
corresponding normal line to the graph of f of (0, 0) is the line y=0.
d) Let f(x) = x  2 and P(2, 0)

Since f (2) does not exist, the graph f(x) = x  2 has no

tangent line at the point P(2, 0) and consequently there is no
normal line.
Activity 2: For the following functions find an equation of the
tangent line and the normal line at the given points if it exists.
1. f(x) = x ; (4, 2) 2. f(x) = 4 – x2; (2, 0)
3. f(x) = 2cos x ; (0, 2) 4. f(x) = x  3 ; (-3, 0)
18 By: Solomon Bati
 2.4. Properties of Derivative
Since there are limit theorems of sums, products and quotients of
functions, there also corresponding theorems for derivatives, which
we will use them later as a tool for finding the derivatives of
various functions:
Theorem: If f is differentiable at a point a, then f is continues at a
i.e. if f ( a ) exists, then lim f ( x)  f ( a ) .
xa

Proof: To show that f is continues at a, it suffices to show that

lim f ( x)  f ( a ), or equivalently, lim  f ( x )  f ( a )   0
x a xa

Notice that f ( a) exists by hypothesis. Hence by the limit

theorems, we have
f ( x)  f ( a )
lim  f ( x)  f ( a )   lim  ( x  a)
x a x a xa
f ( x)  f (a)
 lim  lim( x  a )
x a xa x a

= f ( a ) . 0 = 0

19 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
Remark: The converse of the above theorem is not true.
For example, f ( x)  x is continuous at x  0 , but not
differentiable at x  0 .
Theorems: Let f and g be differentiable at a point a, then the
f  g , the constant multiple kf, the product f.g are all differentiable
at a and respectively given by
1.  f  g   (a )  f (a )  g (a )

2.  kf   (a)  k . f   a  , when k is a constant

3.  f . g    a   f   a  .g  a   f  a  . g   a  (product rule)

 f  f '( a ).g (a )  f (a ).g '( a )

4.    a   2
, for g  a   0 (quotient
g  ( g ( a))
rule)
Proof: left as an exercise for the reader!

20 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
Example 9: Let h(x) = x2 + cos x, find a formula for h( x) and
  
compute h   .
2
Solution: Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = cosx, then
h(x) = f(x) + g(x)
 h( x )  f ( x )  g ( x)
 2 x  sin x ,  for all x
         
and h    f '    g '    2    sin       1
2 2 2 2 2
Example 10:
a) Let f(x) = 8 x , find a formula for f ( x )


Solution: f   x   8 x  
8  
x
4
x

. Why?

d  7 1 3 
 4x  2 x  x – 20 x  8 
4
b) Find
dx  7 
21 By: Solomon Bati
 Cont.…
Solution: we find that
d  7 1 3  3 2
 4 x  2 x 4
 x – 20 x  8   28 x 6
 4 2 x 3
 x – 20 .
dx  7  7
c) Let f  x   5 x 3sin x . Find f ( x ) .
If we put h  x   5 x 3 and g  x   sin x , then f  x   h  x  g  x  .

Since h  x   15 x 2 and g   x   cos x , using product rule for

derivative we have
f   x   h  x  g  x   h  x  g   x 
 15 x 2 sin x  5 x 3 cos x
d
d) Find
dx
 x  2 x – 3 cos x 
d 1 d d
Solution: x  ,  2x  3  2 ,  cos x   sinx
dx 2 x dx dx

22 By: Solomon Bati

Thus, Cont.…

d
dx
 
x (2 x  3) cos x   2 x  3  cos x
d
dx
( x )  x cos x
d
dx
(2 x  3)

d
 x (2 x  3) (cos x)
dx
2x  3
 cos x  2 x cos x  x  2 x  3  sin x
2 x
3x 7
e) Let F ( x )  3 . Find F ( x )
x  2x
Solution: If f  x   3 x 7 and g  x   x 3 – 2 x , then
f
F ( x)  , f   x   21x 6 and g   x   3 x 2 – 2
g
Therefore,
f '( x)  g ( x)  f ( x)  g '( x ) 21x 6 ( x 3  2 x )  3 x 7 (3 x 2  2)
F '( x )  
 g ( x)  ( x 3  2 x) 2
2

21x 9  42 x 7  9 x 9  6 x 7 12 x 9  36 x 7
 
( x  2 x)
3 2
( x 3  2 x) 2
23 By: Solomon Bati
 Cont.…
d
f) Show that  tan x   sec 2 x .
dx
sin x
Solution: Since tan x  , we conclude that
cos x
 d  d
 sin x   cos x  sin x  (cos x)
d d  sin x   dx  dx
(tan x)    
dx dx  cos x  (cos x ) 2

cos x  cos x  sin x (  sin x) 1

 2
 2
 sec 2
x
(cos x) cos x
d
Example 11. Show that ( x  n )   nx  n1 , where n  Z  .
dx
Solution: We find that
d d  1  1 d n 1
( xn )   n   n 2
 x   2n
 n x n 1
 nx  n1
.
dx dx  x  ( x ) dx x

24 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
Derivatives of the remaining trig functions can be
determined the same way.

d d
sin x  cos x cot x   csc 2 x
dx dx

d d
cos x   sin x sec x  sec x  tan x
dx dx

d d
tan x  sec 2 x csc x   csc x  cot x
dx dx

25 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
Activity 5:
1. Find the derivative of the following functions
a) f  x   2 x 3  6 x 2  5 x  2 f) f  x    4 x 3  2 cos x
 1 2
b) f  x    x    x  3 sin x  g) f  x   x  x 2  3sin x 
 x
3  x3  9
c) f(x) = sin x h) f ( x)  2
x 7
d) f(x) = csc x i) f(x) = cot x - x sec x
x2  x
e) f ( x)  j) f(x) = x-20 +  tanx
sin x  cos x
d
2. Use trigonometric identities to find of the following functions
dx
a) f(x) = sin 2x b) f(x) = cos2 ( x ) c) f(x) = tan (-x)
2

26 By: Solomon Bati

 2.5. The Chain Rule
Consider the function F ( x )  x 2  1 . If we put f ( x )  x 2  1 and
g ( x)  x for all x then F is the composite of g and f. In this sub
topic, we are going to develop a general rule for the derivative of a
composite function in terms of the derivatives of the component
function.
Theorem (The Chain Rule): Let f be differentiable at a, and g be
differentiable at f(a), then gof is differentiable at a and
 gof   (a)  g ' f  a  f   a 
  (1)

In general,  gof   ( x)  g '  f  x   f  x 

for all x such that f is differentiable at x and g is differentiable at

f(x).
Proof:
27 By: Solomon Bati
 Cont.…
 g ( x)  g ( f ( a ))
 for x  f (a )
Let G ( x)  x  f (a )

 g '( f ( a )) for x  f (a )
By the definition of the derivative of g at f(a) and by the Substitution
Theorem, we have:
g ( y )  g ( f ( a ))
lim G ( f ( x))  lim G ( y )  lim  g '( f ( a )  G ( f ( a ))
x a y f ( a ) y f ( a ) y  f (a )
Hence G is differentiable at f(a). On the other hand:
g ( f ( x))  g ( f (a ) f ( x)  f (a ) g ( f ( x))  g ( f (a ))
 
xa f ( x )  f (a ) xa
g ( f ( x ))  g ( f (a )) f ( x)  f (a )  f ( x)  f (a) 
   G ( f ( x))  
f ( x)  f (a) xa  xa 
 g ( f ( x))  g ( f ( a)) f ( x)  f (a)
  gof   a   lim  lim G ( f ( x ))  lim
xa xa x a xa xa
 G ( f (a ))  f '(a )  g '( f ( a ))  f '(a )

28 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
Example 12. Differentiate the following function
i) h(x) = cos(2x) ii) h(x) = sin (1  x8 )
iii) h  x    x – x 3  4 
9
iv) h(x) = tan x2
Solution:
i) h(x) = cos (2x). Let f(x) = 2x and g(x) = cosx,
Then h(x) = (gof) (x), f   x   2 and  g   x    sin x .
 h  x   g ( f  x  . f   x 
 g   2 x  . 2   sin  2 x  .2  2 sin  2 x 
ii) h(x) = sin 1  x8
Let f(x) = 1 + x8 and g(x) = x , then h(x) = (gof) (x),
1
f   x   8 x 7 ,   g   x  
2 x
1 1 4 x7
 h  x   g ( f  x  . f   x   .8 x 
7
. 8 x 
7

2 1 x 8
2 1 x 8
2 1  x8

29 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
iii) h  x    x – x  4 3 9

Let f  x   x – x 3  4 and g  x   x 9 , then

h  x    gof   x  ,   f '  x   1 – 3 x 2 and g '  x   9 x 10
Therefore,
h  x     g '( f  x  . f '  x 

            9  f  x   . 1 – 3 x    9  x – x +4   1 – 3x 
10 2 3 10 2

iv) h  x   tan x  2

Let f  x   x 2 and g  x   tan x , then

h  x    gof  f ( x ), f ’ x   2 x and  g '  x   sec 2 x
Therefore, h '  x   g '  f  x   f '  x    sec 2  f  x   2 x  2 x sec 2  x 2  .

30 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
Remark: If k  x    hogof   x  and f is differentiable at x, g is
differentiable at f(x) and h is differentiable at (gof)(x), then the
composition of h, g and f is differential at x and is given by:
k '  x  = h '( g  f  x   g '( f  x  f '  x 
In Leibniz notation this becomes
du du du dy
 . . , where y = f(x), v= g(y) and u = h(v).
dx dv dy dx
Example 13: Let F ( x)  sec(tan x) . Find the derivative of F.
Solution: If we take f(x) = tanx, g(x) = secx and h(x) = x , then
F  x    hogof   x 
1
Now, f '  x   sec 2 x, g '  x   sec x tan x and h '( x ) 
2 x
 F '  x  = h '( g  f  x   g '( f  x  f '  x 
1
 sec  f  x   tan  f  x   sec 2 x
2 g ( f ( x)
1
 sec(tan x) tan  tan x  sec 2 x
2

31 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
  dy
3
Example 14: Given y  x  6 x , find
5

dx
Solution: Using Leibniz notation we have
dy dy dv du

dx dv du dx
Let u  x 5  6 x, v  u and y  v 3 , then
du dv 1 dy
 5x4 – 6 ,  and  3v 4
dx du 2 u dv
Therefore,
dy 1
4
 3v . . 5 x 4 – 6 
dx 2 u

  1
4
 3 x  6 x
5
 5x4  6 
2 x5  6 x
9
3 5
   x  6 x  2  5x4  6


2
32 By: Solomon Bati
 Cont.…
d mn n mn 1
Note: x  x
dx m
Example 15: Let f  x    x – 1 . Find f '  x  .
3 7/5

Solution: We have
7 3 21 2 3
f '  x    x  1 .3x  x  x – 1
(7/5 1) 2 2/5

5 5
Activity 6:
1. Prove that the derivative of an odd function is an even function.
2. Suppose f is an even function. If f '  a   k , find f '  a  ,

where a is an element of the domain of f ' , and k is a constant.

33 By: Solomon Bati

 2.6. Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions
In this sub unit, we are going to learn about the derivatives of
Logarithmic and Exponential functions.
Theorem: Let a be a positive real number such that a ≠ 1, then
d 1 1 d 1
i. (log a )  log a 
x e
ii.  ln x  
dx x x ln a dx x
Proof: left as an exercise for the reader!
Examples 16: Find the derivatives of the following functions.
a) f ( x)  log 3x b) g ( x)  log 2 ( x 2  4 x  1) c) h( x)  ln(sin x)
Solution:
d d 1
a)
dx
( f ( x)) 
dx
 log 3  
x

x ln 3
.

b) Since g ( x )  log 2 ( x 2  4 x  1) is a composite function of s

and t where s ( x)  log 2x and t ( x)  x 2  4 x  1, such that
g  x   s  t  x    s  x 2  4 x  1  log 2 ( x 2  4 x  1) .
34 By: Solomon Bati
 Cont.…
Applying the Chain rule we get
d
g  x   s ' t  x   t ' x 
dx
1 2x  4
 (2 x  4) 
ln 2( x  4 x  1)
2
ln 2( x 2  4 x  1)
d d 1 cos x
c) h( x )  ln  sin x    cos x   cot x .
dx dx sin x sin x
d
There fore, ln  sin x   cos x
dx
Theorem: Let a be a positive real number (a >0), such that a ≠ 1,
d x
then (a )  (ln a).a x for all x in  .
dx
 
Proof: Let f ( x)  a x  ln f  x   ln a x  x ln a

35 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
d d
Hence,
dx
 ln a    x ln a   ln a
x

dx
1 d x
 x
a dx
 a   ln a
d x
Therefore, (a )  a x ln a .
dx
d f '( x)
Remarks: a)
dx
log a 
f ( x)

f ( x)ln a
d f '( x)
b) ln( f ( x ))  , where f is a differentiable functn.
dx f ( x)
d f ( x)
c) a  a f ( x ) f '( x)ln a , where f is a differentiable fn.
dx
d x
Moreover for any real number x, it holds that
dx
 e   e x
.
36 By: Solomon Bati
 Cont.…
Examples 17: Find the derivative of each of the following functions.
a) f  x   5 x
3
c) g(x) = e x
d) k  x   2cos x
2
b) h(x) = h( x )  a x (a > 0, a ≠ 1)
Solution:
d d
a)
dx
f ( x) 
dx
 5 x   5 x ln 5 .
d d
g  x 
3 3
b) (e x )  3 x 2 e x .
dx dx
d
h  x  = d ( a x ) = 2x. a x .ln a .
2 2
c)
dx dx
d d
d)
dx
k  x =
dx
 2cos x   ln 2   sin x  2cos x   sin x. ln 2  2cos x  .
Activity 7: Find the derivative of the following functions
a) f ( x )  log 24 x h) g ( x)  log 8 x
i) k  x   ln  1  x 2 
5 3
b) h( x )  log ( 3nx )

 x 1
c) l ( x )  n  
 x 1 

j) m( x )  n tan x  x2  2 
37 By: Solomon Bati
 Cont.…
 Examples 18: Find   d
3
𝒂 ¿ 𝑦=𝑙𝑛 𝑥
 
 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 1 ( 3 𝑥 2 )  ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 =− sin ( 𝑙𝑛 ( 4 𝑥3 ) ) 1
( 12 𝑥
2
)
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 4𝑥
3
𝑥
 𝑑𝑦 3  
𝑑𝑦 3 sin ( 𝑙𝑛 ( 4 𝑥
3
))
∴ = ∴ =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
  OR
  e)
 𝑑𝑦 1   𝑑𝑦 3
⇒ =3 ∴ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥  
⇒
𝑑𝑦
=
1 1
5 ( 3 𝑥 5
+5 )
4
( 15 𝑥 4
)
𝑑𝑥 5
( 3 𝑥 +5 )
5
𝑙𝑛 3
  b
  𝑑𝑦 75 𝑥 4
 𝑑𝑦 4 ∴ =
4𝑥 3
⇒ =4 (𝑙𝑛 4) ( 16 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 ( 3 𝑥5 +5 ) 𝑙𝑛 3
𝑑𝑥   f
  c   𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
4
4 3
⇒ =3 (𝑙𝑛 3) ( − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ) ( 4 𝑥 )
  𝑑𝑦 1 1 4 5 𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 5 20 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 4 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 2 𝑥𝑙𝑛 2   3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 4
4

∴ =− 4 𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 3
𝑑𝑥
 2.7. Higher Derivatives
If f   x  (the derivative of f at x) exists, then f   x  is called the first
derivative of f at x, since f  is a function that maps x to f   x  we can
speak about the derivative of f  at x denoted by f   x  which is given by
f '( x  h)  f '( x )
f "( x)  lim , provided this limit exists.
h 0 h
If the above limit exists, we call it the second derivative of at x.
Examples 19:
a) Let f  x   sin x . Find a formal for f   x  .
Solution:
Since f   x   cos x , it follows that f   x    sin x .
1
b) Let f ( x)  3 x . Find a formula for f   x  .
2

 1 12 1  1  12 3  12
Solution: f '( x)  3  x   3  x  x
2  2 2
3  1 12 1  3  1  32  3  32
and f "( x)    x     x    x .
2 2  2 2  4
39 By: Solomon Bati
 Cont.…
For any positive integer n  3 we can define the nth derivative of f at x
denoted by f ( n )  x  or D n f  x  . By denoting f ( n1) for the (n-1)th
derivative of f , we can write
( n 1) ( n1)
f ( x  h )  f ( x)
f ( n ) ( x)  lim
ho x
provided the limit exists.
The second derivative, the third derivate and so on are called higher
derivatives. We say that f is n times differentiable if f ( n )  x  exists for all
x in the domain of f.
Example 20:
Let f  x   cos x . Find the nth derivative of f, for n  Z  .
Solution
f '  x    sin x , f   x    cos x , f   x   sin x , f (4)  x   cos x ,
f (5)  x    sin x , f (6)  x    cos x , … ,
f (2 n1)  x   (1) n1 sin x , f (2 n )  x   (1) n cos x .
40 By: Solomon Bati
 Cont.…
Example 21: Let f  x   x 5  3 x 3 + 2 x 2  1, find all higher derivatives of f.
Solution: f '  x  = 5 x 4 – 9 x 2  4 x  ,  f (4)  x   120 x  
 f   x   20 x3 – 18 x  4 ,                 f (5)  x   120         
f (3)  x   60 x 2 – 18,       and    f ( n )  x   0 , n  6
Note: Leibniz notation, the second, third and fourth derivatives are:
d2y d3y d4y
2
, 3
,
dx dx dx4
Example 22: Let y = x sin x. Using the Leibniz notation find the first four
derivatives of y.
Solution:
dy d2y
 sin x  x cos x,  cos x  cos x  x sin x  2cos x – x sin x
dx dx 2
d3y
 2sin x – sin x – x cos x  3sin x – x cos x
dx 3
d4y
 3cos x – cos x  x sin x  4cos x  x sin x.
dx 4

41 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
Activity 8:
1. Find the second derivative of the function
a) f(x) = -12x5 + 1 x 4  1  x . b) f ( x)  x  1 c) f ( x)  x  sin x
4 x 1
d2y
2. Find for the following functions
dx 2
3
a) y = x 2
c) y = (x4 – tan x)5
x  sin x
b) y = secx d) y  1 e) y
xnx x2
3. Find the third derivative of the function
1 3x
a) f(x) = x2 x b) f ( x)  c) f ( x) 
3x  1 4x  5
d3y
4. Find for the following functions
dx 3
7
2 2
a) y = 3x b) y = x -2x3
2
c) y 
(1  x ) 2
5. Find the nth derivative of the function
a) f(x) = sinx – cosx b) f(x) = 1 c) f(x) = sin(nx) d) f(x) = lnx
x 1
e) f(x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e  a , b, c , d , e   a  0  g) f(x) = eax

42 By: Solomon Bati

 2.8. Implicit Differentiation
The differentiable functions we have encountered so far have been defined
by algebraic expressions such as
x2  1
y 3
x 4
,  
y  sin tan x 2 , etc

define functions f and g where

x2  1
f ( x)  3
x 4

and g ( x )  sin tan x 2 .
However not all functions are defined in such an explicit way. If we
consider the equation
x2 – x  y 2  3 y  2 ,
it is not so easy to solved for y in terms of x. But there may exist a function
f such that
x 2 – x   f  x    3 f  x   2 , holds for every x in the domain of f.
2

Such a function is said to be defined implicitly by the given equation and the
process of finding the derivatives of such function is called Implicit
differentiation.

43 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
Example 23: Find the derivative of the implicit function given by
x 2  y 2  25 (Equation of circle)
Solution: Assume y is differentiable function of x and differentiating both
sides with respect to x, we get:
dy dy
2x  2 y  0 and solving for , we have:
dx dx
dy x x
 or f '( x )   .
dx y y
dy
Example 24: Find for the implicit functions
dx
a) xy – 3 x = xy  5 x
3 2
b) e xy  y ln x  cos 2 x
Solution :
a) Differentiating both sides with respect to x.
d d d dx
i.e.
dx
xy 3  3dx
 
x2 
dx
 xy   5
dx
dy dy
 y 3  3 xy 2  6x  y  x 5
dx dx
dy dy 6 x  y  y 3  5
 (3 xy  x) 
2
 y  6x  y  5 
3
 .
dx dx 3 xy  x
2

44 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
b) e xy  y ln x  cos 2 x is also an implicit function. We have
d
dx
 
e xy  ynx 
d
dx
 cos 2 x 
dy y dy
 ye xy  xe xy
  nx  2sin 2 x
dx x dx
dy  y dy 2 x sin 2 x  xye xy  y
 ( xe  nx)
xy
   2sin 2 x  ye   
xy

dx  x dx x 2 e xy  xnx
Example 25: Find an equation of the line that is tangent to the circle
x 2  y 2  25 at the point (3, -4).
Solution: The point (3,-4) lies on the circle, which is the graph of
a differentiable function y.
dy x dy 3
  . So, that (3,4)  .
dx y dx 4
3
Therefore the slope of the tangent line we seek is , so an equation of the
4
required line is
3 3 25
y  ( 4)  ( x  3) or y  x  .
4 4 4

45 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
 Note:Differentiating an implicit function will create the derivative ()
needed to calculate the slope of any tangent on the curve or the rate of
change at any value of the independent variable.
 Example 26:Find
 𝒂 ¿ 3 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2=14 𝒃 ¿ 𝑥 ¿3 𝑦 5 +3 𝑥 =8 𝑦 3+1
 

  𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒6 𝑥 +2 𝑦 =0  ⇒ 𝑥 3 5 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦 +3 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 5 +3 𝑑𝑥 =24 𝑦2 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑
  𝑑𝑦   3 4 𝑑𝑦 2 5 2 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 6 𝑥 +2 𝑦 =0 ⇒5 𝑥 𝑦 +3 𝑥 𝑦 +3=24 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
  𝑑𝑦   3 4 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 2 5
⇒ 2 𝑦 =− 6 𝑥 ⇒5 𝑥 𝑦 −24 𝑦 =−3 𝑥 𝑦 −3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
  𝑑𝑦 6𝑥   𝑑𝑦 3 4 2 2 5
⇒ =− ⇒ ( 5 𝑥 𝑦 − 24 𝑦 )=−3 𝑥 𝑦 −3
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥
  𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2 5
∴ =−   𝑑𝑦 − 3 𝑥 𝑦 −3  
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 ∴ = 3 4
𝑑𝑥 5 𝑥 𝑦 −24 𝑦2
 Cont.…
Example 27: Find the equation of the tangent and normal lines for the
following implicit function at the given point.

3 𝑥 + 𝑦 =14
  2 2
(2 , √ 2)
 

Solution
  𝑑𝑦 3𝑥
H ere , =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
  𝑑𝑦 3 (2)
⇒ 𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = =−
𝑑𝑥 √2   √ 2
  and 𝑚 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 =
6
  and
  √ 2
Equation of thenormal line : 𝑦 − √ 2= ( 𝑥 − 2 )
6
 Cont.… d2y
Note: If y is a function defined implicitly in terms of x, and if 2
exists,
dx
2
dy d y
we can differentiate with respect to x to obtain 2
.
dx dx
2
Example 28: Let x2 + y = 25. Find d 2y implicitly.
dx
Solution: We already know that:
dy x
=-
dx y
d2y d  dy  d   x  (y2  x2 ) 25
and 2
  =   =-
y3
=- 3
.
dx dx  dx  dx  y  y
Activity 9:
1. Use implicit differentiation to find the derivative of y with respect to x.
2 4 1 y sin y
a) 3y = -2x c) x  d) 2  3x
1 y y 1
x3 y2
b) y  2
e) x  y  2
2 2

2 x x

48 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
2. Use implicit differentiation to find the derivative of y with respect to x
at the given point.
a) x2 + y2= y ; ( 0, 1) b) xy = 2; (-2, -1)
 
c) y2 sin 2x = -2y ;  , 2  d) sinx = cosy ;  6 , 3 
4 
x
e) 1 y ; (1, 0)
x  2y
3. Find an equation of the line tangent to the graph of the equation at the
given point
a) xy2 = 18 ; (2, -3)
b) x2 +y2 = 3y ; ( 2, 2)
c) sin (x + y) = 2x ; (0,  )
d2y
4. Use implicitly differentiation to find
dx 2
a) x2 – y4 = 6 c) x2 sin2y = 1
b) xx lny = y d) 2xy2= x2y

49 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…
Alternative techniques of differentiating some functions
 This technique is useful in cases where it is easier to differentiate the
logarithm of a function rather than the function itself. 
 Example 29: Find
2𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 4
𝒂 ¿ 𝑦=2 𝑥
  𝒃 ¿ 𝑦=𝑥
   𝒄 ¿ 𝑦 =( 1− 𝑥 ) ( 𝑥+1 )
Solution:
  )   1 𝑑𝑦
 ⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 =ln ⁡(2 𝑥 2𝑥
) ⇒ =2+2 ln 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
 ⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 =ln 2+ ln ⁡( 𝑥 2 𝑥 )   𝑑𝑦
⇒ =y¿
𝑑𝑥
⇒𝑙𝑛𝑦=ln2+2 xln ⁡𝑥
 
  𝑑𝑦 2 𝑥
  1 𝑑𝑦 1 ⇒ =2 𝑥 ¿
⇒ =0+2 x +2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
  𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
∴ =4 𝑥 ¿
𝑑𝑥
 Cont.…
𝒃 ¿ 𝑦=𝑥 sin 𝑥  ⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 =ln ⁡( 𝑥 sin 𝑥 )  ⇒𝑙𝑛𝑦=sin 𝑥 ln ⁡𝑥
 

1 𝑑𝑦 1
=sin 𝑥 +cos 𝑥 ln 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = y ¿
   
⇒
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
  𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥
∴ =𝑥 ¿
𝑑𝑥
2 4
 𝒄 ¿ 𝑦 =( 1− 𝑥 ) ( 𝑥+1 )  ⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 =ln ⁡( ( 1 − 𝑥 )2 ( 𝑥+1 )4 )
 ⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 =ln ( 1 − 𝑥 ) 2+𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑥+1 ) 4

 ⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑦=2 ln ( 1 − 𝑥 )+ 4 ln ⁡( 𝑥+1)
  1 𝑑𝑦 1 1   𝑑𝑦 −2 4
⇒
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=2
1−𝑥
(− 1)+4
𝑥 +1
⇒ =𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+(
1− 𝑥 𝑥 +1 )
  𝑑𝑦 −2 4
2
∴ =( 1 − 𝑥 ) ( 𝑥 +1 )
𝑑𝑥
4
( +
1− 𝑥 𝑥 +1 )
 2.11. Hyperbolic Functions
 Certain even and odd combinations of the exponential functions ex
and e–x arise so frequently in mathematics and its applications that
they deserve to be given special names.
 In many ways they are analogous to the trigonometric functions,
and they have the same relationship to the hyperbola that the
trigonometric functions have to the circle.
 For this reason they are collectively called hyperbolic functions
and individually called hyperbolic sine, hyperbolic cosine,& so on.

52
 Cont.…
The graphs of the six hyperbolic functions and their domains
and ranges are shown in Figure below.

53
 Cont.…

 Note that the graph of sinh x can be obtained by adding the

corresponding y-coordinates of the exponential functions

and
 Likewise, the graph of cosh x can be obtained by adding the
corresponding y-coordinates of the exponential functions

and

54 By: Solomon Bati

 Cont.…

Proof: Exercise!
Derivative of Hyperbolic Functions
Derivatives can be found relatively easily using the definitions.
d d e x  e x e x  e x
sinh  x     cosh  x 
dx dx 2 2
d d e x  e x e x  e x
cosh  x     sinh  x 
dx dx 2 2
55 By: Solomon Bati
 Cont.…
d d e x  e x
tanh  x  
dx dx e x  e  x
(quotient 
 e x
 e x
 e x
 e x
 
 e x
 e x
 e x
 e x

e e 
rule) x x 2


 e 2x
2e   e 2e 2 x 2x 2 x

e e  x x 2

2
4  2 
  x x 
 sech 2  x 
e 
2
x
e x
e e 
Furthermore,
d d
coth  x   csch  x  ,
2
sech  x   sech  x  tanh  x 
dx dx
d
56 By: Solomon Bati csch  x   csch  x  coth  x 
dx
 Cont.…
Remarks:
1. All of the derivatives are similar to trig functions except
for some of the signs. sinh, cosh and tanh are positive.
The others are negative.
2. Any of the differentiation rules in Hyperbolic function
can be combined with the product and Chain Rule.
 Example 48:
1. =

  3.

 4. 𝑑 ( ln ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠h𝑥 ) + 1
)
𝑑𝑥 2
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 h 𝑥
57
 Cont.…
Activity 11:

58
58
 End of Chapter two

59 By: Solomon Bati