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Clostridium
Clostridium
Corynebacteria - Overview
Gram positive, non motile bacilli with irregularly stained
segments
Causes Diphtheria
Important features of C. diphtheriae
Slender Gram positive bacilli
Pleomorphic, non motile, non sporing
Chinese letter or Cuneiform arrangement
Stains irregularly, tends to get easily
decolorised
May show clubbing at one or both ends -
Polar bodies/ Metachromatic granules/
volutin or Babes Ernst granules
Metachromatic Granules:
made up of polymetaphosphate
Bluish purple color with Loeffler’s
Methylene blue
Special stains: Albert’s, Neisser’s &
Ponder’s
Grows aerobically at 37°C
Virulence factor
Exotoxin – Diphtheria toxin:
Protein in nature
very powerful toxin
Responsible for all pathogenic
effects of the bacilli
Produced by all the virulent
strains
Two fragments A & B
Disease is caused by exotoxin which
inhibits protein synthesis of eukaryotic
cells
The toxin contains a toxic A subunit
(active toxin) and the receptor binding B
subunit.
The B subunit (fragment) facilitates
translocation of the A subunit from the
phagosome to the cytosol, followed by
separation, allowing full activity of the A subunit
on its target protein elongation factor-2.
EF-2 transfers polypeptidyl-transfer RNA from
acceptor to donor sites on the ribosome of the
host cell.
The A subunit catalyzes transfer of
adenine ribose phosphate from NAD to
EF-2 (ADP ribosylation), inactivating EF-2,
and turning off protein synthesis, C.
diphtheria toxin is able to inhibit protein
synthesis of all eukaryotic cells.
Fragment A has the enzymatic activity
Fragment B attaches to cellular
receptors and grants fragment A
entrance into the cell, where it inhibits
protein synthesis.
The exotoxin is absorbed into the blood
demyelinating neuritis and myocarditis.
The diphtheria toxin also causes local
destruction at the site of membrane
formation.
Diphtheria Toxin
Toxigenicity can be induced by Lysogenic or phage
conversion – corynephages (tox+ phage) or beta
phages
Can be toxoided by -
1. Prolonged storage
2. Incubation at 37°C for 4 - 6 weeks
3. Treatment with 0.2 – 0.4 % formalin or
4. Acid pH.
Nasal carriers harbour the bacilli for longer time than pharyngeal
carriers
1. Microscopy
Gram stain: Gram +ve bacilli,
chinese letter pattern
Immunofluorescence
Albert’s stain for
metachromatic granules
Laboratory Diagnosis
2. Culture – isolation of bacilli requires media
enriched with blood, serum or egg
a. Blood agar
b. Loeffler’s serum slope – rapid growth, 6 to 8 hrs
c. Tellurite blood agar – tellurite is reduced to
tellurium, gives gray or black color to the colonies
Growth of diphtheria bacilli
Blood agar
3. Biochemical reactions
a. Hiss's serum water - ferments sugar with acid
formation but not Gas
ferments: glucose, galactose, maltose and dextrin
B. Invitro tests
a. Elek’s gel precipitation test
b. Tissue culture test
Laboratory Diagnosis
Virulence tests - Invivo tests
Bacterial growth from Loeffler’s serum slope is emulsified in 2-4 ml
broth.
Two guinea pigs (GP A and GP B)