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William Stallings
Computer Organization
and Architecture
9th Edition
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Computer Architecture
Computer Organization
• Attributes of a • Instruction set, number of
system visible to bits used to represent
the programmer various data types, I/O
• Have a direct mechanisms, techniques
impact on the for addressing memory
logical execution of
a program
Computer Architectural
Architecture attributes include:

Organizational Computer
attributes include: Organization
• Hardware details
transparent to the
programmer, control • The operational units and
signals, interfaces between their interconnections that
the computer and realize the architectural
peripherals, memory specifications
technology used
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IBM System
370 Architecture
 IBM System/370 architecture
 Was introduced in 1970
 Included a number of models
 Could upgrade to a more expensive, faster model without having to abandon
original software
 New models are introduced with improved technology, but retain the same
architecture so that the customer’s software investment is protected
 Architecture has survived to this day as the architecture of IBM’s mainframe
product line
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Structure and Function

 Hierarchical system
 Structure
 Set of interrelated subsystems
 The way in which components
 Hierarchical nature of complex relate to each other
systems is essential to both their
 Function
design and their description
 The operation of individual
 Designer need only deal with a components as part of the
particular level of the system at a structure
time
 Concerned with structure and
function at each level
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Function
 A computer can perform four
basic functions:

● Data processing
● Data storage
● Data movement
● Control
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Operation

Operations (a)

Data movement
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Operation

Operations (b)

Data Storage
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Operation

Operations (c)

Data Movement
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Operation

Operations (d)

Control
 The
Computer
Structure
+  CPU – controls the operation of
the computer and performs its data
There are four processing functions
main structural  Main Memory – stores data
components
of the computer:  I/O – moves data between the
computer and its external
environment

 System Interconnection – some

mechanism that provides for
communication among CPU, main
memory, and I/O
+  Control Unit
CPU  Controls the operation of the CPU and
hence the computer
Major structural
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
components:  Performs the computer’s data processing
function

 Registers
 Provide storage internal to the CPU

 CPU Interconnection
 Some mechanism that provides for
communication among the control unit,
ALU, and registers
+ Summary
Introduction

Chapter 1
 Computer Organization
 Structure
 CPU
 Computer Architecture  Main memory
 Function
 I/O
 Data processing
 System interconnection
 Data storage  CPU structural components
 Data movement  Control unit
 Control  ALU
 Registers
 CPU interconnection
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Internet Resources

http://www.williamstallings.com/Com
puterOrganization/