Keywords; atom, element, compound, mixtures, filtration, crystallisation, chromatography, simple distillation, fractional distillation, proton, neutron,

electron, nucleus, orbital/shell, plum pudding model, Niels Bohr, alpha particle, positive, negative, models
Atoms, elements & Compounds; Relative charges;
Atoms;
compounds • Are formed by An atom has no overall charge,
elements in Atomic number; the number of protons = the
groups, Mendeleev, metals, non-metals, ions, physical properties, reactivity, halogens, noble gases

Atoms; Elements; chemical reactions The proton number, number of electrons

Everything is There are about • Are 2 or more it is different for
made of atoms, 100 different elements that are every element
it is the elements, each chemically Isotopes;
smallest part of with a symbol combined Size and mass; • Atoms that have
an element • Very small, the same number
radius is 0.1nm of protons
(1x10-10m) (element), but
Mass Number; • Mass is mainly different numbers
The number of in the nucleus of neutrons
protons &
Early ideas; Development of the model of the neutrons in the
Before the atom; nucleus
discovery of New experimental evidence may lead to
the electron the model being changed or replaced Electronic configurations;
atoms were • Electrons fill the lowest
tiny spheres, energy levels first
Nucleus
they couldn’t • This starts from the Relative Atomic Mass;
development; nucleus, following a set • This is the mass of the element that
be divided Experiments now
pattern up to the takes into account the relative
show nucleus is made
Plum pudding; Niels Bohr; following maximum abundance of isotopes,
of smaller particles • 1st shell – 2 electrons
After the electron Adapted the of positive charge • Calculated by=
was discovered • 2nd shell – 8 electrons (mass x abundance) + (mass x abundance)
nuclear model
the atom became a • 3rd shell – 8 electrons 100
suggesting
ball of positive • 4th shell – 2 electrons
electrons in
charge with orbitals at James Chadwick;
negative electrons set distance Evidence to show
scattered in it the existence of
neutrons in the 5.1 Atomic
structure
Alpha particle scattering; nucleus
Showed that the mas of an
atom was concentrated in the
centre, it was charged too (Chemistry)
James Chadwick, relative mass, relative charge, isotope, atomic number, mass number, electronic configuration, percentage abundance, periodic table,
 Mixtures; Fractional distillation;
Are elements not chemically combined and Separating 2 different
Filtration; can be separated by the following methods liquids based on
Separating soluble different boiling points
and insoluble Crystallisation;
substances Removing a liquid
leaving a solid Chromatography;
Simple distillation;
behind Separating solutions
Separating a liquid
dissolved in the same
from its solvent
solvent

Non-metals;
Mendeleev; • Form
Overcome the
negative ions
problems of atomic
• Found on
weight. He did this
Early tables: Modern periodic table; right hand
by;
• First attempts to The arrangement of elements in a side and top
• Leaving gaps
classify elements table based on proton number, of table
• Changing the
were made order of the properties and outer electron number
before subatomic elements
particles were Metals & non-metals;
• Predicted
discovered elements were Group 1; Group 7; Group 0;
• Based on atomic
discovered • Alkali metals • Halogens • Noble gases Metals;
weight • Differences • 1 outer • 7 outer • Unreactive/ • Majority of
• Wrong groups
were accounted electron electrons stable – full elements are
used for by isotopes • Reactivity • Non-metals outer shell of metals
increases • Molecules electrons • Form positive ions
Today; going down made of • Don’t form • Found on left hand
• Elements with similar the group pairs of molecules easily side, middle and
properties arranged in atoms • boiling point bottom of table
Development of the groups increases going
periodic table; • Based on properties down group
As more elements were • All have the same
discovered scientist number of electrons in
tried to classify them the outer shell