SISTEM OTOT

Zuliyati Rohmah

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 Bahan Bacaan

 Kardong, K.V., 2002, Vertebrates, Comparative Anatomy,

Function, Evolution, 3rd. ed., Mc. Graw Hill, Boston.

 Weichert, C. K. 1970. Anatomy of The Chordates. Fourth

Edition. International Student Edition. McGraw-Hill Book
Company. Tokyo.

 Kent, G.C. and R. K. Carr. 1997. Comparative Anatomy of the

Vertebrate. Ninth Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies. New
York.

 Mc Farland, W.N, Heiser, J.B, Pough, F.H. 1985. Vertebrate

Life Second Edition. Macmillan Publishing Company. New
York. 2
 Sistem Otot (Overview...1)

Embryonic Derivation of Muscle (1)

Muscle is derived from embryonic mesoderm. The mesoderm is divided

into:
 Epimere (dorsal or paraxial mesoderm). The somites and
somitomeres constitute most of the paraxial mesoderm. Somites
have three regions: dermatome, myotome, and sclerotome.
Dermatome forms the dermis of the middorsal skin, sclerotome gives
rise to the vertebrae, and myotome forms appendicular and body wall
muscles. In the head region, the paraxial mesoderm is not as
segmented, and forms clusters of cells called somitomeres instead of
somites. The somitomeres give rise to cranial and pharyngeal
muscles.
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 Sistem Otot (Overview...2)

Embryonic Derivation of Muscle (2)

 Mesomere. This gives rise to the kidney tubules and associated ducts.
 Hypomere (lateral plate mesoderm). The lateral-plate mesoderm is
confined to the trunk and is divided into somatic mesoderm and
splanchnic mesoderm. Together, these give rise to blood vessels and the
heart, connective tissue, peritoneum, dermis of body wall, the skeleton of
the limbs and girdles, and smooth muscles. Until recently it was thought that
the muscles of the gill arches was derived from splanchnic hypomere that
extended forward into the gill arch region. However, recent studies using
quail-chick chimaeras indicate that (at least in birds) the myoblasts that give
rise to branchiomeric muscles come from somites and somitomeres, which
is epimere.

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 Sistem Otot (Overview...3)

Embryonic Derivation of Muscle (3)

Some smooth muscles arise from mesenchyme, which is mesodermal

cells that are loosely organized in the embryo. But by far, most muscle
is derived from the somites.

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http://locolobo.org/clades.html

http://tainano.com/chin/Molecular%20Biology%20Glossary.htm

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 The Origin Of Muscle Tissue The skeletal musculature arises
from the paraxial mesoderm. The
intermediary mesoderm is involved
in the formation of the urinary
system. From the unsegmented
lateral plate mesoderm, the somato-
and splanchnopleura form with the
coelom that lies in between them.
Other mesoblast cells settle together
to form the cardiogenic and the
myocardial plates. This is a
connected group of cuboid cells in
the ventral mesoderm in front of the
prechordal plate. From this
1. Ectoderm
A. Paraxial mesoderm ensemble of cells arises the cardiac
2. Somite
B. Intermediary mesoderm musculature.
3. Somitocoel
C. Lateral plate mesoderm
4. Neural tube 7
 Sistem Otot (Overview...4)

The textbook lists several ways of thinking about muscle tissue. One
general way is by microscopic appearance of the muscle cell; here types
of muscle can be distinguished.

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

striated striated nonstriated

voluntary involuntary involuntary

skeleton heart visceral organs

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 Sistem Otot (Overview...5)

Muscle can also be considered as somatic or visceral.

 Somatic muscles are derived from myotomes and include body

wall, tail, hypobranchial, tongue, extrinsic eye, branchiomeric, and

most of the appendicular muscles.

 Visceral muscle comes from the splanchnic layer of the hypomere

(lateral plate), and includes erectors of feathers and hair, muscles of

the gut, blood vessels, and viscera, and heart muscle.

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 Sistem Otot (Overview...6)

Muscles can also be described in terms of anatomical region.

 Appendicular muscles.—Note that the cartilage, bone, ligaments and
blood vessels of the limbs are formed from lateral plate mesoderm,
which is hypomere. But most limb muscles are formed from myotome,
which is part of the epimere.
 Axial muscles.—The axial musculature forms from myotome, and
becomes subdivided into epaxial and hypaxial muscle masses . do not
confuse these with epimere and hypomere.
 Cranial muscles.—The cranial muscles come from two very distinct
sources.
o The hypobranchial muscles are derived from myotomes of the somites
and are supplied by the spinal nerves.
o The branchiomeric muscles (those of the gill arches) are derived from
somitomeres and supplied by cranial nerves.

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SKELETAL MUSCLE
Otot Skelet (Pengantar)

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 SKELETAL MUSCLE

Skeletal (somatic or voluntary) muscles make up

approximately 40% of the total human body weight. Their
primary function is to produce movement through the
ability to contract and relax in a coordinated manner.

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SKELETAL MUSCLE (skeletal muscle as organ)

Terdiri dari:
 Bagian muscular  t/d jaringan otot (muscle tissue) Skeletal

(striated) muscle is composed of elongate, multinucleated cells

(muscle fibers)
 Jaringan ikat (muscle related connective tissue)Muscle fibers are

within a connective tissue framework that is continuous with

tendons. As a result, passive muscles are able to serve as ties that
reinforce joints & oppose forces on bones.

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 Muscle associated fascia:
1. epimysium = loose or dense connective tissue surrounding an entire
muscle
2. perimysium = loose connective tissue defining muscle fascicles
3. endomysium = small amounts of loose c.t. surrounding individual
muscle fibers

http://phelafel.technion.ac.il/~tamarh/website/images/differnet-kinds-of-
http://www.aspenatlas.com/photopost/showphoto.php?
photo=530&si=Serous
muscles-1.jpg 16
Hubungan Otot Skelet dengan Tulang

 Hubungan secara langsungperimysium dan epimysium otot

bersatu dan fusi dengan periosteum tulang, perichodrium cartilago,

atau jaringan ikat subkutis (misal otot mimik)

 Hubungan tidak langsung jaringan ikat otot menyatu membentuk

tendon. Tipe-tipe jaringan tendonius:

 Tendon  Muscle fascia, which is the connective tissue component of a muscle,

combine together and extend beyond the end of the muscle as round cords or flat
bands, called tendons
 Aponeurosis  thin, flat and broad than tendon
 Raphe  a seam of fibrous tissue, misal: linea alba

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Tendon protection:
 bursa = synovial pocket inserted between a tendon and a bony
prominence
 tendon synovial sheath = lubrication where tendons are bound,
e.g., by retinaculum

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There are three types of skeletal muscle fibres; red slow-twitch fibres, white fast-
twitch fibres, and intermediate fast twitch fibres.
1. Red Slow-twitch Fibres (Type I)
These are thin cells that contract slowly. The red colour is due to their content
of myoglobin, a substance similar to haemoglobin, which stores oxygen and
increases the rate of oxygen diffusion within the muscle fibre. As long as
oxygen supply is plentiful, red fibres can contract for sustained periods, and are
thus very resistant to fatigue. Successful marathon runners tend to have a high
percentage of these red fibres.
2. Intermediate Fast-twitch Fibres (Type 2A)
These red or pink fibres are a compromise in size and activity between the red
and white fibers.
3. White Fast-twitch Fibres (Type 2B)
These are large cells that contract rapidly. They are pale, due to a lesser
content of myoglobin. They fatigue quickly, because they rely on short-lived
glycogen reserves in the fibre to contract. However, they are capable of
generating much more powerful contractions than red fibres, enabling them to
perform rapid, powerful movements for short periods. Successful sprinters have
a higher proportion of these white fibres

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Fascicle & fiber arrangement:
Parallel arrangement, e.g., strap or spindle arrangement, fibers/fascicles
arranged parallel to the tendon of insertion. This results in a greater range of
shortening and thus yields greater movement velocity (distance per time).

Pennate arrangement = fibers/fascicles arranged at an angle to the direction in

which the tendon moves. This results in a greater area of muscle fibers along
axes of contraction and produces more strength (at the expense of a reduced
range of contraction).

Note: The amount of force that a muscle can generate is proportional to the area of
muscle fibers, i.e., number of contractile protein molecules, multiplied by the
cosine of the muscle-tendon angle.

Three types of pennate arrangement are:

— unipennate, e.g., ulnar & radial heads of the deep digital flexor muscle;

— bipennate, e.g., infraspinatus muscle;

— multipennate, e.g., humeral head of the deep digital flexor muscle.

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How Muscle Work
A motor unit consists of a single motor nerve cell and the
muscle fibres stimulated by it. The motor units vary in size,
ranging from cylinders of muscle 5–7mm in diameter in the
upper limb and 7–10mm in diameter in the lower limb. The
average number of muscle fibres within a unit is 150 (but this
number ranges from less than 10 to several hundred).

Skeletal muscles work on an ‘All or Nothing Principle’.

Skeletal muscle will not contract in the absence of a functional nerve

supply (denervation atropy occurs). One neuron innervates a variable
number of muscle fibers. The neuron plus the muscle fibers it
innervates constitute a motor unit. To produce a stronger contraction,
the nervous system activates more motor units. 23
Tata nama otot

Otot dapat dinamai berdasarkan:

 origo dan insersionya  misal sternohyoideus

 Bentuk  deltoideus

 Lokasi  brachialis

 Struktur  biceps

 Fungsi  supinator

 Atau kombinasi  pronator quadratus; superficial digital flexor;

serratus ventralis; flexor carpi radialis

Appendicular Muscle
Otot Apendikular

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Appendicular Muscle

Otot yang terdapat pada gelang bahu/panggul, sirip, dan alat gerak.

In fishes, the muscles of paired fins are simple; there is a dorsal

extensor (levator) and ventral flexor (depressor). The mass of the fin
muscles is only a small percentage of total body muscle.

In tetrapods, the mass of the appendicular muscles is a much larger

part of total body muscle, and the musculature is far more complex.
Appendicular muscles may be:
1) branchiomeric,

2) of axial (hypaxial) origin, or

3) from the limb bud proper,