Introduction

„archaic mobile communication“ electronic

• optical transmission (smoke/light signals,..) communications:
• acoustic transmission (drums, alpine horns,...)
„fixed networks“
• Morse code
1st telegraph line 1843
Washington - Baltimore
• Telephony
P. Reis 1861
A.G. Bell 1876

Wireless transmission:
1873 Maxwell theory of electromagnetic waves
1887 H. Hertz: experimental proof
1897 Marconi: 1st wireless transmission
1901 1st transatlantic transmission
1903 Dt. Telefunken GmbH: AEG, Siemens& Halske
1906 1st speech & audio transmission
1909 1st radio program
1917: 1st mobile transmission: BS - train

First steps & 1G

Fig. 1 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 3)
 1st mobile services:
Single Cell 
Car phone
since 1946
1G Cellular systems
(St. Louis, USA)

radius
r
r

Single Cell Systems:

• no Handover, small service area
• poor service & speech quality  frequency Re-use
• manual switching
• cumbersome, bulky & expensive equipment
• used until the 1980’s

Quantum
Quantumleap
leapininmobile
mobilecommunication:
communication:
Single
SingleCell systems
Cellsystems Cellular
Cellularsystems
systems
Fig. 2 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 5)
 Principle of cellular systems
2 Advantage:
Advantage:
2 7 3 ••Capacity
Capacity
••Roaming
7 3 1 Roaming
••Handover
Handover
1 6 4
6 4 5 2
5 2 7 1980 - 2000:
Growth Rates
7 3 1 cellular networks
Cluster 1 6 > 50%/year

6 4 5
5
frequency- Year of
country system range [MHz] introduction
USA AMPS 800 1979
1G Japan NTT-MTS 800 1979
Scandinavia NMT 450, 900 1981 - 86
Introduction Great Britain TACS 900 1985
Germany C450 450 1985
Fig. 3 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 7)
 1G limitations

 capacity
 quality
 incompatibility

European mobile market;

early 1990th

Fig. 4 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 9)

 Introduction

PDC
GSM D-AMPS

IRIDIUM IS-95 CDMA

2G: Digital revolution
Fig. 5 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 11)
 Advantages of
digital data transmission Security: Input data
(original text)
Ciphering
Network capacity
Networkcapacity speech
speechcompression
compression
Supplementary Services
SupplementaryServices signalling
signalling
Costs 
Costs  production, operation&&maintenance
production, operation maintenance
Miniaturisation
Miniaturisationmicro
microelectronics
electronics Cipher CIPHER
Transmission Quality
TransmissionQuality Easy
Easytotoregenerate
regenerate Sequence MODUL
 Security
Securityeasy
easytotocipher
cipher

Signal
Quality Output data
Digital Signal (ciphered text)

Analogue
Signal

Transmission
Quality:
“Easy to regenerate”

Distance to BS BS: Base Station

Fig. 6 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 13)

 2G cellular systems
PDC:
GSM: Personal Digital Cellular
since 1993/94
Global System for
Mobile Communication Japan only
800 & 1500 MHz
since 1992
 70 M. subscriber
world-wide:
 165 countries
900, 1800 &
1900 MHz
subscriber:  550 M.

D-AMPS: IS-95:
Interim Standard-95
Digital AMPS
since 1995
since 1991/92
welt-wide,
USA, Kanada
800 & 1900 MHz
America & S. Korea
800 & 1900 MHz,
AMPS/D-AMPS 1700 MHz (Korea)
subscriber:  90 M.
 100 M. subscriber
Date: 4Q2001
Fig. 7 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 15)
 GSM:
Standard /
Adaptations
1990-2002:
GSM rolls- up
1990/91: world-wide market
GSM Phase 1
frozen
1982-1990: (GSM900/1800)
GSM Standardisation
1978: by Group Special Mobile GSM /
CEPT ETSI (founded 1988)
Frequency
Reservation

GSM Adaptations:
GSM900 890-915 / 935-960 MHz
E-GSM 880-915 / 925-960 MHz
GSM18001710-1785 / 1805-1880
GSM19001850-1910 / 1930-1990 MHz
GSM-R 876-880 / 921-925 MHz
GSM450 450.4-457.6 / 460.4-467.6 MHz
GSM480 478.8-486 / 488.8-496 MHz
GSM850 824-849 / 869-894 MHz

Fig. 8 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 17)

 GSM: Evolutionary Concept
Original concept:
• closed standard
• lifetime until 3G standardisation

Capabilities Downward compatibility

Phase 2+
Phase 2 Phase 2
Phase 1 Phase 1 Phase 1

1991 1995 1997 Year

Speech transmission: FR, Wide range of
Annual Releases:
Basic Services Supplementary Services ’96, ‘97, ‘98, ‘99,..
Data: max. 9,6 kbit/s comparable to ISDN, • New Supplementary Services
Decision of • IN Applications
downward compatibility • new Data Services
(high data rates)
Fig. 9 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 19)
 Mobile Satellite
Systems MSS
10.000
- 20.000 km

1G: INMARSAT MEO

(Medium -
Earth Orbital)
700
Erde - 1500 km
GEO
(GEOstationary LEO
Orbital) (Low Earth
Orbital)

36.000 km
Service
Serviceof
of(in):
(in):
sparsely
sparselypopulated
populatedareas
areas
areas with poor infrastructure
areas with poor infrastructure
atatsea
sea 2G: IRIDIUM, ICO,
catastrophe
catastropheareas
areas Globalstar, INMARSAT,
areas
areas withoutother
without othersupply
supply ORBCOMM,..

Fig. 10 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 21)

Introduction

3G Motivation
Fig. 11 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 23)
 2002:
 Phasing out of 1G Trends & Outlook
 GSM dominating 2G ( 2/3 market)
Subscriber [M.]

Year
Long-term forecast:
 strong 2G & 3G growth
UMTS Forum
 new frequency ranges & efficient resource management Report #1

Fig. 12 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 25)

Mobile Trends

Fig. 13 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 27)

Trend:
Source:
UMTS Forum Voice  Data
Demands on 3G
Mobile
Communication

• improved speech quality

• User-friendliness
• world-wide access
• world-wide HPLMN services

Fig. 14 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 29)

• specific service definition
• fast transfer of large data
volumes
(Inter-/Intranet, File Transfer,
E-Mail, Multimedia)
 3G Services &
required data rates
Video conferences

video telephony

Tele-Shopping

Electronic newspapers
Images / Sound files
UMTS offers
Services

Tele-Banking flexible & dynamic

Financial services data rates:
8 kbit/s - 2 Mbit/s
Data base access
Information services
E-mail

Voice

10 100 1000 10.000

Data rate [kbit/s]
Fig. 15 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 31)
 GSM Multi- Many other
Satellite
Phase2+ Roaming
Band / Mode Supplementary
Services

supplemented
EFR ASCI by external features:
Enhanced Advanced Speech Blue Tooth, WAP,..
Full Rate Call Items CAMEL
Customized Application
for Mobile network
HSCSD Enhanced Logic
High Speed Circuit
Switched Data
EDGE
Enhanced Data Rates
for the GSM evolution
GPRS
General Packet
Radio Service
 Ph2+ Solutions:
 enhanced speech quality
 user-friendliness
 world-wide access &
mobile
mobileMulti
MultiMedia:
Media: GSM “HPLMN” services
 flexible service creation
••Start
Startwith
withGSM
GSMPh2+
Ph2+ Phase 2+  fast transfer of large
••Breakthrough:
Breakthrough:
data volumes

3G Solutions  Platform for UMTS

3G(UMTS)
(UMTS)
Fig. 16 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 Introduction, 33)