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Asian Literature
Guess
Objectives

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. identify and analyze a variety of representative Asian literary

masterpieces, genres and authors ;
2. explore the diverse range of Asian literature and cultures and
develop an appreciation toward it ;
3. develop an insight and communicate this with others through oral
and written discourse.
Table of contents

01 02
China: The Analects of Thailand: The Golden
Confucius Harvest

03 04
India: Salutation to the Indonesia: Indonesian
Dawn Proverb
Table of contents

05 06
Israel: The Parable of Arabia: The One
the Prodigal Son Thousand and One
Nights

07
Philippines: My
Brother’s Peculiar
Chicken
China: The
Analects
of
Confucius
ROLE MODEL
ESCHATOLOGY(AFTER
LIFE)
● He said of himself; “I am a humble
man when young; I was not born
with knowledge, but I am fond of
antiquity and quick seeking
knowledge, and how dare I be called
a sage or a humane man”.
● In short, he is saying that he is just
an ordinary man, not a
● He advised his disciples not to
speculate on what ghosts and
spirits might do and what
could happen after death.
● He concerned in reality and
life.
HISTORY OF CONFUCIUS
● Born in the ancient state of Lu
(modern Shantung), in 551
BCE. Died on 479 BCE.
● Married at the year of 19,
bear a daughter and a son.
● The father of Confucianism.
Anthem

The ancient
State of Lu

That’s where Confucius

was born & spent most
of his life.
● His teachings are amalgation
of Buddhism and Taoism.
● He travelled the countries to
spread his teachings.
The primary sources of
Confucian philosophy
Confucius claimed to derive his teachings from
“the Ancients,” whose wisdom is embodied in
“The Five Classics” (Wu Jing)

● The I Jing (“Book of Changes”)

● The Shu Jing (“Book of History”)
● The Shih Jing (“Book of Odes” [poetry])
● The Li Ji (“Book of Rites”)
● The Ch’un-ch’iu (“Spring & Autumn Annals”)
The further expression of Confucian philosophy

“The Four Books”

(Ssu-chu)

● Analects (Lun-Yu)
● The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong/ Chung Yung )
● The Great Learning (Ta-Hsueh)
● The Book of Meng-Tzu
(Mencius, 371-288 BC)
Foundations of Ethical System

One of his main students, Zengzi,

explained this principle in terms of two
interrelated concepts: zhong and shu.
Zhong (loyalty)
there is one moral obligation that applies to all roles and all people:
the virtue of zhong (loyalty)

....Loyalty is not a devotion directed specifically toward one’s superior:

rather, it is directed toward the role one plays—being loyal means
doing one’s best in whatever one does. In this sense, loyalty can be
defined as “doing what one is supposed to do” or “being loyal to
one’s role.

The notion of zhong, as applied in the Confucian moral hierarchy,

comprises a moral theory that focuses on moral duties or obligations,
rather than on rights or entitlements.
 Zhongshu/Shu (empathy)

Now with zhongshu (empathy), one can also extend oneself to appreciate what the
other person in the opposite role would desire. For example, a father can do his
best as a father to edify his son. But if he remembers how much he resented his
father’s dictatorship, then he should modify his discipline and not impose too
much restraint on his son.

In this way, the two notions, zhong and shu (loyalty and empathy), are equally
essential to the establishment of Confucius’ ideal society.
Foundations of Ethical System

The sayings of Confucius were

remembered by his followers and
were later compiled in a book of
Analects (sayings)..
Confucius’notion
s of virtues
 01
Filial Piety
Confucius’notions of the virtues
Filial Piety
Ziyou asked what filial piety is. The Master said,

"The filial piety of now-a-days means providing

nourishment for one's parents. But dogs and horses
likewise are able to do something along that line for their
own kind. Without reverence, what 'is there to
distinguish the one support given from the other?"
Filial Piety
(devotion to & reverence for parents & family)

● The institution of the family is the foundation of a

well-ordered & civilized society (grounded
mainly on respect of children for parents)
● Respect for age (experience & wisdom)

(Text, pp. 5-6)

● 孝 “ xiao” : filial piety

- A love and respect for one’s

parents and ancestors
- Among all the good deeds, filial
piety comes first.
 02
On Goodness
Confucius’notions of the virtues
The Master said, "A
youth, when at home,
should behave well
toward his parents, and
when abroad, respectfully
to his elders. He should
be earnest and truthful….
● 忠 “ zhong” :
Loyalty/Faithful
- Relationship between prince
and minister/friend
- “Be loyal to others”[13.19]
Zhonggohg asked about perfect virtue. The Master said,
"When abroad, behave to everyone as if you were
receiving an important guest; treat people as if you were
assisting at a great sacrifice; do not do to others as you
would not wish done to yourself.
What is the Difference?

Confucius: do not do to others as you would

not wish done to yourself.”

Bible: “Do unto others as you would

have them do unto you.”
 03
On the Gentlemen
Confucius’notions of the virtues
 “If a gentleman abandons virtue, how can he fulfill
the requirements of his title? A gentleman not, even
for the space of a single meal, act contrary to virtue.
Even in moments of haste, and in times of danger, he
clings to virtue."

—Confucius
 04
On Ritual and
music
Confucius’notions of the virtues
" The Master said, "It is
by the Odes that a man's
mind is aroused, by the
rules of ritual that his
character is established,
and by music that he is
perfected [finished]…"
 05
On Education
Confucius’notions of the virtues
 “The Master said, "Anyone learning
without thought is lost; anyone
thinking but not learning is in peril."
 06
On Government
Confucius’notions of the virtues
 “The Master said, “If you govern the people by laws,
and keep them in order by penalties, they will avoid the
penalties, yet lose their sense of shame. But, if you
govern them by your moral excellence, and keep them in
order by your dutiful conduct, they will retain their sense
of shame, and also live up to this standard.
Ji Kang asked Confucius about government,
saying, "What do you say to killing the
unprincipled for the good of the principled?"
Confucius replied, "Sir, in carrying on your
government, why should you use killing at all?
Let your evinced desires be for what is good,
and the people will be good. The relation
between superiors and inferiors is like that
between the wind and the grass. The grass
must bend, when the wind blows across it."
 Government
Rectification of names-
social status and
political must be
Rule by virtue- moral properly founded
qualities of the ruler and humane government- -behavior and speech
measures he uses in treatment of populace must be in keeping with
governing his state one’s status, ethical
codes
-his words can be
convinced
 07
On Religion
Confucius’notions of the virtues
Confucian ethics / Li, continued

Religious
Propriety
proper practice of traditional rites
(worship of God, ancestors, Heaven, Earth,
spirits; funeral services & sacrifices in honor
of parents)

Text, vv. 64, 70, 72, 79-84

“Sacrifice as though present” – sacrifice to the spirits
as though the spirits were present.
The Master said: If I don’t participate in a sacrifice, it
is as though there were no sacrifice.

Translated by James Legge (1887)

revised by Michael Neville

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