Planning and Management

Prof. Dr. I. Dudani

 PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

A=M+O

1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Staffing
4. Directing
5. Co-ordinating (O)
POSDCORB_ E 6. Reporting
7. Budgeting
ADMINISTRATION:

1. Is the direction, coordination & control

of many persons to achieve some purpose
or objective.

2. Is the organization and direction of human

and material sources to achieve desired goals

Consists of: 1. Planning 2.Organising 3. Commanding

4. Coordinating 5. Controlling
MANAGEMENT:

Is effective use and coordination

of resources of money, material,
manpower to achieve defined
objectives with maximum efficiency.

Consists of: 1. Planning 2. Organizing

3. Leading 4. Controlling
5. Coordinating
 ADMINISTRATION
1. Concerns more with
determination of objectives
and policies
2. Has legislative function
3. Is influenced by public
opinion etc
4. Involves thinking and
planning
5. Mainly top level function
MANAGEMENT
1. Concerned more with
implementation of
policies
2. Has executive function
3. Is influenced by
administrative decisions
4. Involves doing and
acting
5. Mainly lower level
function
 Definitions:
Guidance of change within a social system -----
Friedman, 1967
Application of scientific reasoning to problem
solving ------Arnold, 1968
Planning is an art of being able to take difficult
decision in the face of major uncertainties

Is continuous, coordinated, systematic planning

for investment of resources of country (men,
material, money, time, skills etc) in programs
aimed at rapid socio-economic development
of the nation.
• Health planning is continuous process of
defining health problems, needs and
demands, determine resources, fixing
priorities, establishing programs to
achieve goals and objectives.

• Health planning should be positively

oriented towards achieving maximum
possible state of physical, mental and
social well-being.
 Why plan for health

1.Necessary to use resources in health care as

economically as possible
2. To utilize effectively scarce human resources
3. To develop best course of action
4. To meet consumer needs and demands
5. Expansion of medical knowledge and
technology has placed increasing stress on
health care systems not only in terms of range
and bulk of services but also in terms of cost
6. Planning is an educational process
 Purpose of planning
1. To utilize the limited resources to solve
many health problems

2. To eliminate wasteful expenditure

3. To select best alternative to achieve

specific goals.
 Requisites for planning
1. Certain degree of political stability

2. Certain degree of economic stability

3. Political commitment

4. Administrative infra-structure
What is planning?
1. It is not forecasting
2. It is not same as programme
3. It is not an activity of planners
alone
4. It is not merely a series of
techniques but also a political and
social process ultimately concerned
with people.
 Characteristics of planning
1. Is a continuous process aimed at
diagnosis of situation
2. Formulation of alternative plans
3. Selection of one of them
4. Implementation under control
5. Evaluation of performance
6. Formulation of new plan

.
• Planning is human welfare activity in which at
any given moment, the demand is always more
than can be met

• Planning is the process of making decisions in

the present to affect future outcome. Through
planning the manager determines in advance the
what, when, who and how of possible course of
action.
 Difficulties in health planning
In SEA the difficulties are:
1. Vast majority of population is not able to pay for
medical services
2. There is long tradition of free medical services
provided by the Govt.
3. Money and qualified personnel are scarce
4. Available health data is insufficient
5. There is little coordination with other ministries
and agencies carrying out health functions.
Qualities of a good plan
1. SPECIFIC
2. MEASURABLE
3. ATTAINABLE
4. RESULT ORIENTATED
5. TIME LIMITED
6. FLEXIBLE
 Planning cycle
Is process of analyzing problems, their
extent and need and formulating goals and
objectives to reduce or remove those needs
and to select an alternative strategy for
intervention.
 Steps in Planning
1. Pre-planning
2. Analysis & interpretation of health
situation (Diagnosis)
3. Establishment of objectives & goals
4. Assessment of resources
5. Fixing priorities
6. Formulation of plan
7. Implimentation under control
8. Monitoring
9. Evaluation
Pre-planning:-
a) Interest of the present Govt.
b) Legislation available
c) Organization for planning
d) Administrative capacity
e) Resources available
f) Cultural and social factors
g) Needs and demands
Pre-planning:
Basic requirements:
1. Political decision
2. Administrative capacity:
(a) Planning unit
(b) Collection of statistical data
(c) Training and personnel
(d) Manpower studies
3. Legislation
 Planning Cycle
Evaluation
Assessment of
Monitoring resources

Implementation Analysis of
hlth. situation
Formulation of plans
and selecting one
Fixing priorities
 Analysis and interpretation (diagnosis)
of health situation

1. Demographic profile of population

2. Morbidity & mortality data
3. Data on health care facilities
4. Manpower available
5. Attitudes, beliefs, practices, etc
of population
 Assessment of resources

Manpower studies:
1. Number 2.Skills 3. Knowledge
4. Techniques and 5. Training facilities
Monitory sources:
Material available:
 Prioritization

Means ranking the problems according to

importance which could be judged by
1. Magnitude of problem
2. Morbidity, mortality, age incidence
3. Social stigma and political
consideration
4. Preventability of disease
 Fixing priorities
P = f (M,I,V,C)
P = Relative priority
f = Means that priority is a function of each of
other variable
M = Magnitude of the problem
I = Relative impact or importance of the
problem (usually given arbitrary numerical
value based on relative incidence of
problem among children, the aged etc
V = Vulnerability of disease to attack
C = Cost of proposed activity
 Example: Priority calculation of
premature birth & pul. TB
Cause of death (M) (I) (V) Relative
priority
(MxIxV)
Premature 8.5 1.0 0.33 2.80
Birth

Pul. TB 2.8 0.68 0.66 1.25

 Fixing priorities: Important factors
1. Financial consideration
2. Mortality & morbidity data
3. Saving lives of younger population,
vulnerable groups eg mothers & children
4. Diseases that can be prevented at low cost
5. Improvement of nutritional status
6. Community and political interest & pressure
7. Geographical area
THANK YOU