INSTITUTE-University School of

Business
DEPARTMENT-Management
M.B.A
MANAGERIAL APTITUDE: 20BAT658
Faculty Name : Dr. Navit Singh
(Associate Professor)

UNIT-2 DISCOVER . LEARN .

EMPOWER
COURSE OUTCOMES
Through this course the students will be able to:

Course Description Blooms Taxonomy Level

Outcome

1 To identify and understand the various Understand/Remember

aspects of a business situation
2 To employ critical thinking, reasoning and Apply
decision making skills to different business
scenarios

3 To analyse the impact of diverse business Analyze

environment settings on business success
4 To evaluate alternative business ideas using Evaluate
business analytics
5 To develop innovative holistic solutions for Design/Create
the business problems
DEDUCTIVE vs. INDUCTIVE
REASONING
 Problem Solving
• Logic – The science of correct reasoning.
• Reasoning – The drawing of inferences or
conclusions from known or assumed facts.
When solving a problem, one must
understand the question, gather all
pertinent facts, analyze the problem i.e.
compare with previous problems (note
similarities and differences), perhaps use
pictures or formulas to solve the problem.
 Deductive Reasoning
• Deductive Reasoning – A type of logic in
which one goes from a general statement
to a specific instance.
• The classic example
All men are mortal. (major premise)
Socrates is a man. (minor premise)
Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (conclusion)
The above is an example of a syllogism.
 Deductive Reasoning
• Syllogism: An argument composed of two
statements or premises (the major and minor
premises), followed by a conclusion.
• For any given set of premises, if the conclusion
is guaranteed, the arguments is said to be valid.
• If the conclusion is not guaranteed (at least one
instance in which the conclusion does not
follow), the argument is said to be invalid.
• BE CARFEUL, DO NOT CONFUSE TRUTH
WITH VALIDITY!
 Inductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning, involves going from a
series of specific cases to a general
statement. The conclusion in an inductive
argument is never guaranteed.

Example: What is the next number in the

sequence 6, 13, 20, 27,…
There is more than one correct answer.
 Inductive Reasoning
• Here’s the sequence again 6, 13, 20, 27,…
• Look at the difference of each term.
• 13 – 6 = 7, 20 – 13 = 7, 27 – 20 = 7
• Thus the next term is 34, because 34 – 27 = 7.
• However what if the sequence represents the
dates. Then the next number could be 3 (31 days
in a month).
• The next number could be 4 (30 day month)
• Or it could be 5 (29 day month – Feb. Leap year)
• Or even 6 (28 day month – Feb.)
 Other types of
deductive arguments
• Suppose the following
statements are all true:
A. Person L is taller than J
– Person L is shorter
than person X B. Person X is taller than
– Person Y is shorter J
than person L C. Person J is taller than L
– Person M is shorter D. Person J is taller than
than person Y M
• What additional piece E. Person M is taller than
of information would Y
be required to
conclude that “Person Solution: Answer C
Y is shorter than
Person J”? M<Y<L<X
So, if J is taller than L,
Y must be shorter than J
 Other types of
deductive arguments
A mother wants to order
one large pizza, with
exactly 5 toppings for her
three picky children. She
can choose from 7
toppings; cheese,
mushrooms, olives, ham,
sausage, onions, and
pineapple.
– Fifi says there has to be
pineapple
– Mona says there cannot
be any olives
– Rex says that if there is
going to be sausage,
then there has to be
ham too.
Which combination of
toppings should she
select if she is to satisfy
all three children’s
combined demands?
A. pineapple, onions,
cheese, mushrooms,
sausage
B. cheese, sausage, ham,
olives, pineapple
C. cheese, mushrooms,
ham, onions, pineapple
D. sausage, mushrooms,
onions, cheese, and
ham.
 the five topping solution
chee mushro oliv ham sausag onio pineapp
se om e e n le

Fifi Yes

Mona No

Rex then if
ham sausa
ge

Note: the statement “if sausage, then ham” doesn’t

imply “If ham then sausage.” The obverse doesn’t
necessarily follow.
 Deduction Versus Induction
---continued
• Deductive reasoning is
either “valid” or “invalid.”
A deductive argument
can’t be “sort of” valid.
• If the reasoning
employed in an
argument is valid and
the argument’s
premises are true, then
the argument is said to
be sound.
valid reasoning +
true premises =
sound argument
fallacious
• Inductive reasoning
enjoys a wide range of
probability; it can be
plausible, possible,
reasonable, credible,
etc.
• the inferences drawn
may be placed on a
continuum ranging from
cogent at one end to
fallacious at the other.
cogent
 Deduction Versus Induction
--still more
• Deductive reasoning is • Inductive reasoning is
commonly found in the found in the courtroom,
natural sciences or “hard” the boardroom, the
sciences, less so in classroom, and
everyday arguments throughout the media
• Occasionally, everyday • Most, but not all everyday
arguments do involve arguments are based on
deductive reasoning:
induction
Example: “Two or more
persons are required to – Examples: The
drive in the diamond lane. “reasonable person”
You don’t have two or standard in civil law, and
more persons. Therefore the “beyond a
you may not drive in the reasonable doubt”
diamond lane” standard in criminal law
TEXT BOOKS

T1: David H. Johnassen , Learning to Solve Problems_ A

Handbook for Designing Problem-Solving Learning
Environments, Routledge, 2011
T2: Dilip S. Mutum, Sanjit Kumar Roy, Eva Kipnis ,
Marketing Cases from Emerging Markets, Springer , 2014

Reference books
R1:Dinesh Khattar, 2019. Quantitative Aptitude for Competitive
Examinations, 2019 Ed., Pearson India, ISBN:9789353439552.

R2 Arun Sharma, MeenakshiUpadhyay2018.How to Prepare for

Verbal Ability and Reading Comprehension. McGraw Hill
Education (2018) ISBN:9789353160197

R3 Edgar Thorpe2018. Course in Mental Ability and Quantitative

Aptitude. McGraw Hill EducationISBN:9387572323.
 Assessment Pattern

Compone HT-1 HT- Assignm Surprise Business GD Attendan Scaled

nts 2 ent Test Quiz Forum ce Marks

Max. 10 10 6 4 4 4 2 40
Marks

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THANK YOU

For queries get in touch with me at:

navjit.e8550@cumail.in

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