UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA

SHOOL OF NURSING AND PUBLIC HEALTH

DEPARTMENT OF NURSING MANAGEMENT AND EDUCATION

COURSE: CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT AND TEACHING METHODOLOGY IN NURSING

(NS 223)

TOPIC: CLINICAL TEACHING AND LEARNING

BY: Walter E-mail: wcleo87@gmail.com

Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)

 Objectives
By the end of this session everyone
should be able to comprehend
What is Clinical Teaching?
Where does it take place?
When does it take place?
How does it take place?
Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
 Introduction
Clinical teaching is time limited process where by the teacher and
student create an established partnership with in a shared
environment.
The clinical teaching is a type of group conference in which a patient
or patients is observed and studied, directed towards the improvement
and improvement of nursing care.
Clinical teaching is a individualized or group teaching to the nursing
student in the clinical area by the nurse educators ,staff nurse and
clinical nurse manager
It is in such a way that the teacher’s primary, operational frame of
reference is maintained as the legitimate means for affecting students
behavior towards intended purpose
Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
 Purposes
Provide individualized care in a systematic & holistic approach
 Develop high technical competence skills
 Practice various procedures
 To meet the needs of client
 Collect and analyze the data
 Conduct research
Maintain high standards of nursing practice
 Become independent enough to practice nursing
 Develop cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills
 Meet the needs of clients
 Improve communication skill and IPR
 Develop various methods in delivering care Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
To improve standards of nursing practice

To identify the problem of the client

To maintain inter institutional relationship

To learn managerial skill

To develop high technical competent skills

To become independent enough to practice nursing

To learn various diagnostic procedures

To become professionally active member

To encounter reality in the practice of nursing , synthesis learning,

practice activities described in the course objectives Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
To learn diagnostic procedures and skills in giving HE
Help in integration of theory into practice
Develop proficiency in nursing procedures
To assist physician
Learn managerial skills
To become professionally active member

Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)

 Teaching clinical skills in the hospital setting
Be on time
Insist that students arrive on time
Plan the clinical teaching session
Involve the patients
Inform the charge nurse
Involve all the students
Insist on a standard format
Use a problem –solving approach
Conduct discussion away from the patient
Do not try to do too much Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
Clinical Competencies Clinical Teaching Skills
 Involve the patients
Factual Knowledge
 Inform the charge nurse
Technical Skill
 Involve all the students

Problem Solving Skill  Insist on a standard format

 Use a problem –solving approach

Communication Skill
 Conduct discussion away from the
patient
Manners & Etiquette
Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
 Do not try to do too much
 Clinical Teaching Methods
Client family centered method Process Recording
Observation/independent pt. contact Laboratory method
Conferences (Nursing care Health talks
conference, Team conference) Nursing Care study
Bedside teaching/Home visit Assignments
Nursing rounds Exhibition
Demonstration/simulation/role play Incidental teaching
Ward teaching (Ward class, Ward Problem solving method
clinic)
Research projects
Case study/Case presentation
Field trips
Discussion method
Bedside teaching
Brain storming Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
 Guidelines For Selection Of Teaching Methods
Must be appropriate to objectives and desired behavioral changes

Must be in accordance with principles of learning

Must be in accordance with the capacity of the student

Must be in accordance with availability of resources

Must be in accordance with the teacher’s ability to use it effectively

and creatively
Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
 Clinical assesments Methods
Multiple choice question
 Modified essay question
 Short/ Long case
 Case report
 Structured oral exam (Viva-Voce)
 Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE)
Objective Structured Practical Examination (OSPE)
“Spotting or Spot” examination
 Objective Structured Long Examination Record (OSLER)
 Direct observation: check list, rating scale
 Standardized patient Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
 Nursing care Conferences
Is a course of action discussion, the focus is on assessing the nursing
problem arriving at possible solutions, helping staff to examine a
patient’s problem from his point of view
A verbatim between nurse and the patient
A Process recording as an exact written report of the conversation
between the nurse and the patient during the time they were together
The nursing care conference is used as a consultation tool to help in
problem solving
The teacher must be flexible and she will help the students during
discussion
The conference should involve all the students in discussion
Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
He/ she will provide ample time for the students to think

It provides real practical learning environment to the students

It provides free opportunity to think

Each member will be actively participating in the conference

It fortifies the thinking of students, thereby the creativity and judgment
capacity will be increased

There are chances of using these conference hour for classroom

teaching

Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)

Client Family Centered Approach
Types
Observation
Group Conferences
Purposes
To set objectives and criteria's for nursing care
To plan methods for improving care
To solve problems in good nursing care
To evaluate the results of efforts
To create team building skills in students and to express oneself
assertively Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
Individual Conferences
Types
Unplanned or incidental conference
Planned conference
Purposes
To guide in teaching
To acquire more knowledge
To discover the interests, needs and problems of individual
students
To help the students to help herself or himself
To clarify class knowledge
Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
Staff Conferences
Types
Nursing Care Conference
Phases
Opening phase
Working phase
Closing phase
Advantages
Help the student to collect information in creative way
Provides real practical learning environment to students
Fortifies the thinking of students
Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
Team Conference Advantages
Type It puts the student in an active
Bedside Clinics actual situation
Purposes Covers limited group of students
To provide learning experience Develop qualities of observation
To improve the problem solving and decision taking
ability Ensures close contact with
To help for nursing observation reality
in systematic way Permits comparison between
To understand different reality and theory.
equipment used on patients Disadvantages
To prepare nursing care plan Sometimes put the patient in a
Phases difficult situation
Introduction phase Poor standardization
Patient centered discussion Narrow limits of utilization
Post clinic evaluation Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
Nursing Rounds
Nursing rounds are conducted by the head nurse/ nurse teacher for the
member of his/her staff or students for a clear understanding of the
disease process and the effect of nursing care for each patient
To observe the physical and the mental condition of the patients and
the progress made day to day
To observe the work of staff
To make specific observation of the patient and to give report to doctor
To carry out the plan made for the care of the patients
Help in orienting a new nurse/student to the patients
It offer a real life learning situation
An interesting strategy involving the student , teacher and the patient
Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
Purposes
Demonstrate symptoms important in nursing care, clarifies
terminology studied
Compare patients reaction to disease and disease condition
Demonstrate the effects of drugs
Illustrates skillful nursing care
Understands methods of meeting nursing needs
Advantages
It develops students psychomotor skills and inculcate proper attitude
among them
Promote team spirit and professionalism
Motivated to learn more about nursing management of patients in the
ward
Discriminate patients risk categories
Disadvantages
Require careful planning
Only applicable for small group of students
Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
Ward Teaching Methods
Purposes
To supplement to integrate and to utilizes classroom instruction
To make the students to apply correct scientific principles based on
the nursing activity
To enable the student to gain a real understanding of different
clinical situations
To inspire the students for self development

Ward Class
Types
Ward Clinics
Case Study Or Case Presentation
Field Trip
Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
It always entails the presence of the patient
Nursing clinics are conducted by the head nurse or clinical instructor

Purpose
Improvement of nursing care
To portray the nursing problems typically associated with a particular
disease or disorder
To give a vivid picture of the related nursing care associating it with a
specific individual
To provide real life situations
To serve as a preview of a lesson and for gathering instructional
materials
To verify previous information, class discussion, and conclusion of
individual experience
To serve as a mean to develop positive attitudes, values and special
skills Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
Pre-requisites
Knowledge, Rapport, Objectives, Time and transport, Preparation of
the students, Supervision and Follow up and evaluation
The unit must be prepared
Prior permission must be taken from the patient and significant others
All the reports of the patient may be kept ready
The group selected should be small in size
The time period should be around 30 minutes
Patient selection should be appropriate to the student’s knowledge
Consent should be obtained from the patient and his family
The environment should be conducive for teaching
Proper time should be selected for teaching , as to prevent
unnecessary interference with the patient’s routine and student’s
work. Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
Values
 Breaks monotony of classroom, Opportunity for learning attitudes and
positive values, Opportunity for learning and acquiring skills, Correlate
school life with outside world, Arouse interest and motivation
Process
Student should gather around the patient
All the student should be able to view the patient and procedure like
physical examination, if performed
The clinical instructor will introduce the group to the patient and the patient
to the group
He /She explain the biodata, medical history, treatment modalities being
carried on and the response of the patient to the treatment
In between the patient may be involved and asked about his feelings
towards the treatment and nursing care
This is followed by discussion Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
Help in arousing interest and imitativeness in the students
Encourages discussion among the student about the patient’s problems
and its management
Gives an opportunity for the teacher to evaluate or assess the
knowledge and skills in nursing care of the students in his/her ward
Patient may feel uncomfortable if large group of health team members
are included
They may overhear the discussion and feel bad about his disease
condition
Disadvantages
Time consuming, Careful planning is required, Transportation problem,
Safety precautions are required, Observation difficulty for large group
Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
Process Recording
Process recording is an exact written report of the conversation between
the nurse and the patient during the time they were together
Uses
As a teaching learning tool, as an evaluation tool and as a therapeutic
tool.
Phases
Preparing the student
Recording nurse patient interaction
Evaluating the interaction by nurse, teacher and the student
Guidelines
Goals for working with assigned patients should be written down
before starting PR
Note important factors in patients personality development
Mention the therapies which the patient is getting Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
 Date of PR should be mentioned
Time spent with patient should be recorded
The setting and situation should be written before conversation
Identify patients’ needs
After completion of PR students should give a feedback
Evaluate the PR as a learning experience at the end of adjustment
Advantages
Improves the skill of communication and technique of interaction
It improves the more specific therapeutic conversation
Improves the ability to face stressful situation
Provides link to theory and practice
Understands the use of mental mechanism
Disadvantages
It is time consuming and Need strict confidentiality Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D.
candidate)
Nursing Care Study

This is the blue print of nursing care rendered by a nursing student to a selected
patient, for a particular period by following nursing process approach with an
intention to develop comprehensive nursing care abilities

In what may be called the natural method of

teaching the student begins with the patient,
continues with the patient, and ends his
studies with the patient, using books and
lectures as tools, as means to an end.
Sir William Osler,1904
Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)
…………THE END……THANK YOU………

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Author: Walter (MSc. NED, Ph.D. candidate)