BUILDING STRUCTURES- IV

FLOORING
I M R A N K H A N I 1 R W 1 8 AT 0 4 5
H A R S H A N K I 1 RW 1 9 AT 0 4 2
E E B A TA M B O L I I 1 RW 1 9 AT 0 4 3
J S A I R A K S H A I 1 RW 1 9 AT 0 4 4
J A J A L A A K H I L A I 1 R W 1 9 AT 0 4 5
J A N V I S I N G H A N I A I 1 R W 1 9 AT 0 4 6
J AT I N E K L A S P U R I 1 R W 1 9 AT 0 4 7
K A R U N J O E I 1 R W 1 9 AT 0 4 8
K PA D M I N I I 1 R W 1 9 AT 0 4 9
K O R L A S A S H A N K I 1 R W 1 9 AT 0 5 0
STRUCTURAL FLOORING
BUILDING STRUCTURES

COMPOSITE MEMBER:
A structural member composed of two or more dissimilar materials joined
together to act as a unit in which the resulting system is stronger than the
sum of its parts.
Steel concrete composite slabs consists of a steel beam over which a
reinforced concrete slab is cast with shear connectors. The basic concept
of composite beam lies in the fact that the concrete is stronger in
compression than steel (which is susceptible to buckling under
compression) and steel is stronger in tension.
The profiled metal decking forms the basis of the composite slabs and is
sandwiched between the base of the stud and the top flange, and the 
welding process joins all three together. 

A D VA N T A G E S
• Cost effective
• light weight
• requires thinner beams compared with non-composite floor
systems
• Speed of construction

D I S A D VA N T A G E S :
• beams need fire protection
• large numbers of columns are needed
• greater floor thickness compared with other systems

COST
The cost of metal decking sheet ranges from Rs.46- Rs.100/kg

S PA N
Slab thickness is 130mm and steel deck depth is about 60mm.
Various steel deck profiles are available and their span ranges are from 3m
to 4m

COMPOSITE BEAMS AND SLABS WITH METAL DECKING

 STRUCTURAL
FLOORING
BUILDING STRUCTURES

Figure: Steel deck profiles

I N S TA L L AT I O N
The metal decking sheet is laid on the primary and secondary beams
which acts as a formwork. Bolts are used to connect the decking sheet to
the beams. Reinforcement is then laid on the decking sheet and in situ
pouring of concrete is done.

COMPOSITE BEAMS AND SLABS WITH METAL DECKING

STRUCTURAL FLOORING
BUILDING STRUCTURES

Slimdek is a shallow floor system comprising asymmetric beams (ASB) supporting composite slabs using deep COMPONENTS
decking. SLIMDEK 210
Steel decking is manufactured as
standard from either
G550 and 1.0mm BMT
G500 and 1.2mm BMT
G450 and 1.5mm BMT steel
G (yield strength MPa)
BMT (base metal thickness)

EMBOSSMENTS ASYMMETRIC STEEL BEAM (ASB)

It is manufactured in one of two
The section has embossments rolled into forms:
the top flange and acts compositely with 1. Either by welding three plates to form an I-beam section with
the concrete encasement without the need the bottom flange wider than the top flange. This is referred to as a CUSTOMASB
for additional shear connectors. 2. By welding an additional plate to the bottom flange of a UC
This is referred to as an ASB(UC)

The section has embossments rolled into the top

flange and acts compositely with the concrete
encasement without the need for additional shear
connectors
EMBOSSMENTS

CUSTOM ASB CUSTOM ASB ASB(UC)

END DIAPHRAGMS
SECTION DETAIL Steel end diaphragm pieces are required to ensure the structural integrity of the deck at the supports and
SLIMDECK FLOOR SYSTEM minimize concrete leakage

STEP 1: Cutouts in ASB
STEP 2: Cutouts in Diaphragm
STEP 3: Insert polystyrene block
STEP 4: Pour concrete
STEP 5:Remove polystyrene blocks
STEP 6: Insert piping or ductwork
FIRE COLLAR SERVICE PENETRATION
SERIVCES IN SLIMDEK FLOORING
The void area between the ribs of the SlimDek profile
allows for services to run within the structural depth parallel
to
the ribs. Ribs of the SlimDek cannot be cut or penetrated
without further structural detailing. Service runs
perpendicular
to the span can be accommodated by dropping the services
below the ribs
• 160mm deep x 320mm oval penetrations located
centrally between ribs.
• Round penetrations up to 160mm in diameter
MAXIMUM SIZE OF OPENINGS
DETAIL DRAWING
STRUCTURAL
FLOORING
BUILDING STRUCTURES
1 . A D VA N T A G E S
• Shallow floor zone – reduction in overall building height and cladding
• Fla soffit allows easy service installation and offers flexibility of internal wall positions
2 . D I S A D VA N T A G E S
• Steel weight is often greater than other floor systems
• Connections require careful detailing due to the width of the bottom flange
3 . T Y P I C A L B E A M S PA N R A N G E
Usually ranges from 6-12 metres
4 . F L O O R D E P T H 280-350 mm
5 . R E I N F O R C E M E N T S 16mm to 25mm with mesh reinforcement above
6. USES
It is mostly used in places with high requirement for service lines
And also lesser floor to floor height
7. COMPANIES
COMFLOR 225 by TATA steel (COMPOSITE FLOOR DECK)
High performance deep deck specifically designed for Slimdek and all other integrated steel beam
systems
FIELDERS KINGFLOR, SLIMDEK 210
As an integral part of the KingFlor® range, SlimDek 210® promises lower floor depths with the
same strength and durability of all KingFlor® designs.
SLIMDECK FLOOR SYSTEM
STRUCTURAL FLOORING
BUILDING STRUCTURES

•Cellular beam is a further development of the traditional CASTELLATED BEAM. 

•The advantage of the steel beam castellation process is that it increases strength without adding weight,
making both versions an inexpensive solution to achieve maximum structural load  capacity in building
CELLULAR BEAMS
construction.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CELLULAR AND CASTELLED BEAM

•The difference between cellular beam and castellated beam is the visual characteristic.
•A cellular beam has round openings (circular pattern) while the castellated beam has hexagonal
openings (hexagonal pattern), both of which are achieved by a cutting and welding process
•Cellular beams are usually made of Structural steel, but can also be made of other material
•The cellular beam is a structural element that mainly withstands structural load laterally applied to the axis
of the beam, and influences the overall performance of steel framed  buildings.[7] The type of deflection is
mainly done by bending.

CELLULAR COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH COMPOSITE SLABS AND

STEEL DECKING CASTELLED BEAMS

•It is composed of cellular beams that support composite slab that consist of steel deck profile and top
concrete.
•The span of the beams ranges from 10m to 18m and openings are provided in close intervals.
•Commonly, the shapes of openings are circular but other shapes are feasible to employ. It is recommended
to omit openings at high shear locations such as regions close to supports.
•The total thickness of such floor system is around 1200mm for span of 15m and opening of 400mm.
•Secondary beams are normally placed at 3-4m spacing.

A D VA N T A G E S
• Long, column free floor plans
• Relatively lightweight beams compared with other long span systems
• Economic long span solution
• precamber can be accommodated during the fabrication of the members
• Regular openings in the web allow ducts and other services to pass through the beams

D I S A D VA N T A G E S
• INCREASED FABRICATION COSTS COMPARED TO PLAIN SECTIONS

CELLULAR COMPOSITE FLOORING CELLULAR COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH COMPOSITE SLABS AND STEEL DECKING
 STRUCTURAL
FLOORING
BUILDING STRUCTURES

 Slimflor® Beams (SBs), it is now possible to combine the benefits of

precast construction with rolled sections, without the need for special
fabrication of the floor beams. 

Precast slabs can be used with steel beams either in the traditional
‘downstand beam’ arrangement (slab on top of beams) or with slim floor
beams (slab within the depth of the steel beams). In both cases, the
precast units provide a flat soffit and allow greater beam spacing than
may be achieved with conventional composite slabs. Until now, only
Slimflor beams (UC sections with welded bottom plate) have been used
with PC Units in slim floor construction.

SLIMFLOR BEAMS WITH PRECAST CONCRETE BLOCKS

STRUCTURAL FLOORING
BUILDING STRUCTURES

BENEFITS OF SIMFLOR BEAMS

• Shallow floor depth (leading to savings in cladding cost, etc).
• Flat soffit (offers flexibility in services layout and ease of acoustic
detailing at partition heads).
• Inherent fire resistance (60 minutes without applied fire protection,
because of concrete encasement)
• Efficient shallow section without risk of distortion due to welding.
• Reduced number of beams (compared to traditional composite
construction, owing to the long span capability of PC Units).
• Precast concrete units may be preferred in semi exposed applications,
such as car parks, where enhanced durability is required.
• The precast units have a natural pre-camber which offsets imposed load
deflections.
• ‘Dry construction’ may be used if there is no topping, (no in situ
concrete work, except for grouting up between the units and at the ends).

SLIMFLOR BEAMS WITH PRECAST CONCRETE BLOCKS

 STRUCTURAL
FLOORING
BUILDING STRUCTURES

•This system consists of steel beams with shear connectors welded to

the top flange.
•The beams support precast concrete units, with a structural concrete
infill placed over the beam between the ends of the units, and generally
with an additional topping covering the units.
•The precast units are in the form of either hollowcore slabs, normally
of 150 to 260 mm depth, or solid planks of 40 mm to 100 mm depth.
•Sufficient flange widths are required to provide a safe bearing length
for the precast units and sufficient gap for effective action of the shear
studs.
•The minimum width of the top flange is 180 to 210 mm.
•For composite design, the shear connectors require U bars at the slab
edge.
•The beams are designed for torsional loading during construction, when
it is assumed that the present concrete units are placed on one side of the
beam.

S P A N - Precast hollow core unit span typically 6 to 7 m.

Composite flooring using composite beam and precast hollow concrete units. Precast hollowcore units have longer spans than solid precast slabs.
C O N N E C T I O N S : Full depth end plate connections (welded to
the beam flanges) to resist torsional loading.

A D VA N T A G E S -
1) Fewer secondary beams are needed due to long precast concrete
spans.
2) Shear connectors can be welded off-site, enabling larger stud
diameters to be used and requiring fewer site operations.

D I S A D VA N T A G E S -
1) The beams are subject to torsion and may need stabilising (lateral
temporary support) during the construction stage.
2) Sequential precast concrete installation needed and more work are
required for individual lifting and placement of precast units.

PRECAST
CONCRETE SLAB

COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH PRECAST CONCRETE UNITS

STRUCTURAL FLOORING
BUILDING STRUCTURES

Fig. (2)

Stud Craft Pvt Ltd.

Price of shear connectors- Rs. 125/ pc

Fig. (4)

Shear connectors
USE OF SHEAR CONNECTORS.

(1) Different composite beams.

(2) Detail showing composite beam with
precast concrete slab and use of shear
connectors.’
(3) Details showing composite beam with
different precast slabs.
(4) Detail section
(5) Different joineries.
SLIMFLOR BEAMS WITH PRECAST CONCRETE BLOCKS
Fig. (5)
 STRUCTURAL
FLOORING
BUILDING STRUCTURES

•It consists of precast concrete units placed on steel beam flanges or

shelves which are bolted or welded to the web of the beams.
•Concrete units are placed on shelves as to reduce the construction depth
•The shelves are used to decrease the overall thickness of floor system.
•Overall floor thickness is around 800mm.
•Hollow core and solid precast units are suitable to be used with the
same thickness used for composite construction, normally 150-260 mm
deep, also solid planks of 75 mm to 100 mm depth are used.
•Grouting is used for the precast concrete units after they have been
placed in their position.
•The span of both beams and precast concrete units ranges from 6-
7.5m.
•In order to meet robustness requirements, mesh and a structural topping
may be required, or reinforcement concreted into hollow cores and
passed through holes in the steel beam web.
•Tying may also be required between the concrete units and the edge
beams
Installation of HCU on top flange of beam

A D VA N T A G E S -
1) Fewer secondary beams are needed due to long precast concrete
spans.
2) A simple solution involving basic member design.

D I S A D VA N T A G E S -
1) The beams are subject to torsion and may need stabilising (lateral
temporary support) during the construction stage.
2) Sequential precast concrete installation needed and more work are
required for individual lifting and placement of precast units.

Solid precast unit Hollow precast concrete units NON COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH PRECAST CONCRETE
UNITS:
STRUCTURAL FLOORING
BUILDING STRUCTURES

(a) Units sitting on shelf angles

Grouts
(b) Units sitting on top of beam floor construction with precast
concrete units in non-composite construction

(c) HCU slabs.

(d) Isometric view, placement of HCU on Beam.
(e) Grouted joint between HCU. ( Length- up to 24 my, thickness 150-
500mm)

(f) Detail diagram of unit places on top flange of beam.

(g) Detail diagram of floor unit on shelf angle beam. Fig. (b) Fig. (a)

Fig. (c)

Fig. (d) Fig. (e)

Fig. (f)
Fig. (g)
NON COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH PRECAST CONCRETE UNITS:
 STRUCTURAL
Company- Ultracore solutions Pvt. Ltd
Product- HCU
FLOORING
Price- Rs. 150/ Sq ft BUILDING STRUCTURES
Material- concrete

1 2 3

USES-
•Hollow core slabs are widely used for flooring and wall panels in
industrial, commercial, residential and infrastructure construction.
Hollow core slabs can be used with different supporting structures:
concrete constructed walls, brick built walls, steel structures, on-site
concrete cast structures, prefabricated beams etc.
For infrastructure hollow core slabs are used extensively to protect
roads from natural dangers.
4 5 6 •They are used to construct anti-landslide and avalanche guards as
well as the road decking itself, all elements requiring high loading
specifications.
Moreover hollow core slabs possess certifiable fire resistances and
offer an economic solution to construct fire stop walls for warehouses,
industrial buildings and car parks.

7 8 9
NON COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH PRECAST CONCRETE
UNITS:
STRUCTURAL FLOORING
BUILDING STRUCTURES

I N S TA L L AT I O N
1)Consider incorporating barriers, safety gates to protect your staff while operating at height.
2)Follow any building regulations and restrictions related to fire safety such as installing fire-rated mezzanine. Collaborate with professionals that can provide you with proper guidance.
3)Install handrails that ensure the safety of all the exposed edges. Handrails not just protect your goods but also prevent the workers and customers from falling.
4)While constructing a mezzanine floor consider incorporating a staircase. This will offer protection while enhancing the aesthetic look of the entire floor.

A D VA N T A G E S

• Easy installation and efficient structure.

• Stainless steel construction for heavy loading capacity.

• Maximum usage of space./li>

• Design loads of 300 kg/Sqm and above.

• Can be easily removed and relocated.

D I S A D VA N T A G E S
.
• The disadvantage of a mezzanine is its takes significant ground floor
space, supported by posts, and often in busy traffic areas.

• The next disadvantage of the mezzanine floor is, on a second-floor

mezzanine is just like have another floor on beams.

• The disadvantage in the mezzanine floor configuration of the ground

floor works areas is to be reconsidered.

F E AT U R E S

Closed / solid steel decking plate or vastrap decking or plain steel sheet
sizes of 1200x1500

USES

Used in high risk free areas where timber is not an option

MEZZANINE FLOORING
USES STRUCTURAL
FLOORING
1. INDUSTRIAL MEZZANINE FLOOR
BUILDING STRUCTURES
When manufacturers require additional space in their production environment, they construct mezzanine floors. This type of application is known as industrial mezzanine floor. The option has the potential to create a versatile
space in industries. You can also use the mezzanine in combination as a production/storage space and office space.

2. WAREHOUSE MEZZANINE FLOOR

Of course, when we talk about a warehouse mezzanine floor construction, it is about storing goods. Facilities often go short of storage space, especially when racking systems do not suit their area. This is when warehouse
mezzanine comes into the picture. It offers complete flexibility for any type of storage allowing combinations of shelving, block stacking and long span.
To ensure safe movement of items between the two levels, incorporating pallet gates is wise. This also takes care of operators working on a high level, preventing any accidents.
In addition, the installation of conveyor systems is a good option. This is beneficial for businesses that need to move box-packed goods or cartons constantly.

3. OFFICE MEZZANINE FLOOR

Mezzanine floor construction could be the perfect choice for a business that requires an additional office space. This requirement is usually seen in industrial facilities and car showrooms.
Office mezzanine floor can significantly minimize the floor space needed for an office. And at the same time, it can maximize the production area or offer a secure storage facility.
Furthermore, mezzanine floors can be a good option for use as meeting rooms, modern office, and board rooms. Its presence can enhance further when a glass partitioning is applied.

4. RETAIL MEZZANINE FLOOR

Modern retail buildings often customise mezzanine as an integral part of their design process. There are endless design possibilities with it.
The mezzanine floor construction is popular in retail outlets, especially those inside retail parks. Retailers that add mezzanine floors see a dramatic increase in the square meter of retail space. It increases the shelf space and
eventually the profits.

C O M PA N I E S A N D C O S T I N G

1. Adequate Steel-₹ 2 Lakh / Unit

2. Smart storage technologies - ₹ 1,000 / Square Feet
3. Metal storage systems private limited - ₹ 2.50 Lakh / Unit
4. Hulk Lokpal Mezzanine Floors Rack - ₹ 2.50 Lakh/Piece
5. Space planners - ₹ 20,000 / Unit
6. Beeco Modular Mezzanine - ₹25,000/Unit

MEZZANINE FLOORING
M E TA L F L O O R F I N I S H E S
BUILDING STRUCTURES

Checker plate is also called chequered plate, tread plate. It is a type of

lightweight metal plate. One side is raised regular diamonds or lines and the other
side is plan. Checker plate is usually made from galvanized steel, aluminum steel
and stainless steel. It can mainly used in the tread flooring and architectural
decoration wall panels and ceilings.

•M A T E R I A L :  Aluminum steel, galvanized steel and stainless steel.

•T H I C K N E S S :  2mm-10mm.

•W I D T H :  600mm-1800mm.

•L E N G T H :  2000mm-12000mm.

•P A T T E R N :  Diamond pattern, willow leaf (2 bars and 5 bars), lentils pattern

and round pattern.

Checker plate stair treads

Diamond pattern Aluminium checker plate 5 bars pattern aluminium checker plate Checker plate used in the ceiling
CHECKER PLATE
 M E TA L F L O O R
FINISHES
BUILDING STRUCTURES
F E AT U R E

• Skid resistance.

• Galvanized checker plate to resist the corrosion.

• Aluminum checker plate to bend easily.

• Stainless Steel checker plate for a long life.

A P P L I C AT I O N

• The non-skid feature makes it using in the tread plates and industrial flooring.

• It can also used for the truck bed, trailer floors, interior surface of the ambulances and the footplates of
the firetrucks.

• The checker plate has good decorative function, especially highly polished aluminum variants. It usually
used in the wall panels and ceilings.

TYPES

ALUMINIUM CHECKER PLATE

• It is made from aluminum sheet. One side of the surface is embossed with diamond plate pattern.
The different pattern can fit different environments and various usage. Aluminum checker plate is better
for antirust and lighter than other materials, it can be used for many years and can retain high value after
being replaced. This type of checkered plate is widely used as antiskid plate in both commercial and
industrial flooring needs and also used in the vehicles, such as the ambulance and the firework truck.

GALVANIZED CHECKER PLATE

• Galvanized checker plate is made from low carbon steel and then zinc coated. One side of the
surface is raised, which makes the checker plate with the non-skip feature. The heavy zinc coated can
protect the checker plate from rust and corrosion. They can be used in the floor, ramp, elevator floors and
so on.

STAINLESS STEEL CHECKER PLATE

• Stainless steel checker plate is made from high grade stainless steel, it is a metal sheet whose the
surface has a convex pattern on one side, so it has the good anti-skid feature, and the high grade stainless
steel, making ti owing the highly corrosion resistance. It can offer the excellent modern design feeling and
excellent physical and chemical properties. So the stainless steel diamond plate usually used in food
industry, buildings, water heater and dinnerware.

CHECKER PLATE
M E TA L F L O O R F I N I S H E S FA M O U S C H E C K E R S T E E L M A N U FA C T U R E R S I N I N D I A
BUILDING STRUCTURES

A D VA N T A G E S

• It is a well designed sheet for flooring and walls.

• Available in ranging dimensional values.

• Use of checker plates improves decoration of multiple appliances.

• Contains non slippable stair threads that make movements safe

• Compatible and portable for use.

• High durability.

• Its recyclable and polishable.

• Less maintenance is required.

D I S A D VA N T A G E S

• it should be installed by professionals

• Contact to high heat should be avoided due to molding

COSTING

• ₹59,000/metric ton

• ₹ 200 / Piece

• ₹ 350 / Kilogram

CHECKERED PLATE
 M E TA L F L O O R
FINISHES
BUILDING STRUCTURES
Uses

•Corner guard for walls (interior decoration)

•Door kicking plate
•Stair treads
•Can be used as decoration in modern cars – floors
•Tread decking
•Floors for elevators
•Commercial use – shopping centers with high foot fall

D I F F E R E N T VA R I A N T S F O U N D I N C H E C K E R E D S H E E T

SSCP-02: stainless steel checker plate with SSCP-03: Stainless steel checker with round SSCP-03:  Stainless steel checker plate with SSCP-03:  Stainless steel checker plate
round projections projections semi raised round projections with big rice projections

SSCP-05: Stainless steel checker plate with SSCP-06: Stainless steel checker plate with SSCP-06: Stainless steel checker plate with Stainless steel checker plate with
flat and raised projections water drop projections water drop projections diamond projections.
CHECKERED PLATE
M E TA L F L O O R F I N I S H E S
BUILDING STRUCTURES

CHECKERED PLATE
M E TA L F L O O R F I N I S H E S
BUILDING STRUCTURES

F E AT U R E S :

•Structurally stronger than Standard Expanded Metal, Expanded Grating

can shoulder the load. Choosing Expanded Grating for architectural
façade applications is a trending use for this unique product.
•Expanded Metal Grating is a heavy duty expanded metal, produced
from carbon steel and plate. Expanded Metal Grating contains no joints
or welds, each sheet is a single piece of sturdy steel. Structurally stronger
than the original sheet, yet lightweight — Expanded Metal Grating is the
ideal walkway and platform floor for light to heavy pedestrian loads

USES
The applications of expanded flooring has been found in almost all areas
of life:
1)ARCHITECTURE INDUSTRY
Along with high strength, the material has high aesthetic appeals, which
allows it to be used in architecture, such as decorating facades, balcony
fences, staircase railings, steps, various types of partitions.

2)DESIGN
Shelves, display rack, stands, outdoor furniture, billboards and
construction.

3)AGRICULTURE
Grids, screens, filters and sieves for drying, separation, sorting and
crushing, peeling of grain, cereals and seeds.

4)BAKING OF FOOD INDUSTRY

Trays for baking breads and pizzas, consumables of equipment for the
production of sugar, dairy products, malt, components for mill
machinery, braziers

A D VA N T A G E S
•Lightweight
•Superior traction
•Lower costs
•Passage of heat and light

EXPANDED STEEL GRATING SHEET

 M E TA L F L O O R
FINISHES
BUILDING STRUCTURES

Perforated floor tiles are used in any raised floor system utilising down-

flow air, built two inches to four feet above a concrete floor. It creates a
space that can be used for cooling, electrical, and mechanical services in
data centers, IT applications, office and school applications, medical and
pharma facilities, casinos, control rooms etc.

Perforated floor tiles are essential in regulating airflow distribution. They

should be placed exclusively in the cold aisles, aligned with the intakes of
the equipment. No perforated tiles should be placed in the hot aisles, no
matter how uncomfortably hot. Hot aisles are, by design, supposed to be
hot.

PERFORATED FLOOR TILES

M E TA L F L O O R F I N I S H E S
BUILDING STRUCTURES
A D VA N T A G E S D I S A D VA N T A G E S

•Allow for air flow distribution from under the raised access floor • Requires trained workers.
•Lightweight for ease of handling • Installation is expensive.
•Good load performance • major renovation project required to convert an
•High strength and durability existing room.
•Better grounding and electrical continuity • not as effective for rooms that support heterogeneous
•Flame spread and smoke development platforms
•Epoxy finish for lifetime protection • In some high density environments, raised floor
•Interchangeable with other panel strengths plenums actually outperform non-plenum 
•Completely non-combustible
•High precision in dimensions
•Anti-rust and Anti-static on treating with static electric paint

P E R F O R M A N C E , D I M E N S I O N & L O A D I N G C A PA C I T Y

F E AT U R E S
•Material : steel, Aluminium
•Covering of Panel: HPL(High press laminates), PVC
•Installation : Stringer system
•Size: 600*600*35 mm
•Concentrated load: 800 LB, 1000 LB, 1250 LB etc
•The height of pedestal : 10 CM to 150 CM
•Weight of Panel: About 9 -13 kgs
•Certificate: ISO9001, ISO14001, MOB, CE, CISCA, GMC
•This system composed by hollow panel, stringer, pedestal and screws
•Well fit with steel raised floors, calcium sulphate/woodcore raised floors
•Air flow rate : 20%, 22%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 46%, 48%, 50% and 75%.

PERFORATED FLOOR TILES

INSTALLATION M E TA L F L O O R F I N I S H E S
BUILDING STRUCTURES

1. Installation : Markings 2. Laying the pedestal on 3.Drill extra screw holes on the 4. After installing  raised floor
level points, parallel to the correct points, then screw the stringer to connect additional support structure, use laser
initial. For each new sequence stringer into the pedestals.  pedestals for stable support or leveling equipment and level
of plates, leveling with nylon adapting the edges. scale to make sure the level is in
line and template must be same height. Lay raised floor
done.  panels onto the stringer frames,
cutting the panels to the right
sizes to suit the edges.

PERFORATED TILE FLOORING

M E TA L F L O O R F I N I S H E S
BUILDING STRUCTURES

Raised floor Technical Data and Drawings: 22% Airflow Perforated

Raised Floor

Panel DATA
Dimension:                                     600×600mm
Panel thickness: (without floor covering)            34mm
Top steel thickness:                              1mm
Bottom steel thickness:                           1mm
Steel square tube wall thickness                    2.0mm min
Panel weight: (without floor covering)              8kg/piece
Panel material:  Steel, conductive PVC / HPL, powder
coated
Ventination data:
Perforation steel panel                           2048 round holes
Free airflows                                    22%
Air flow control                                   available
Dampers                                        available
Understructure:
Module:                                     600×600mm
Pedestal material:                            galvanized steel pedestals
Construction height:                          as required
Stringer material:                             galvanized steel stringers
Stringer size:                                1.0×21×32×570 (mm)
Screw                                      M6×40(mm)
Load values:
Concentrated load:                           ≥3550N
Impact load:                                 ≥670N
Ultimated load:                               ≥9400N
Uniform load:                                ≥14680N/m2

PERFORATED TILE FLOORING

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BUILDING STRUCTURES

INTRODUCTION
Metal tiles can add a versatile and textural design element to your
bathroom or kitchen floor. This is a good choice if you feel like your
home has too much wood. Metal tiles appeal to our visual senses and can
be as finessed or funky as your design tastes allow. Larger metal tiles can
be used on countertops, too.

M A N U FA C T U R I N G
• It comes of different types of metals like stainless steel, copper, etc..
• It is made in factory into some standard sizes and were sent to site

METAL FLOORING TILES

M E TA L F L O O R F I N I S H E S
BUILDING STRUCTURES

A P P L I C AT I O N S
• Walls in kitchen
• Walls on entry
• Interior and exterior flooring
• Industrial flooring
• Outdoor pathways flooring

A D VA N T A G E S
• Its more durable
• Its resistant to any stains and dirt marks
• Cleaning is easy
• Looks cooler
• Have more tensile properties
• Could bear heavy weights than other tiles

D I S A D VA N T A G E S
• Not resistant to electricity
• Not resistent to fire
• Slippery floor on smooth finishes
• Sometimes may rust or copper cant become darker due to oxidation Metal tiles
• Dents are visible if there are any

I N S TA L L AT I O N
Its like any other tile

1- floor is made wet

2- mortar is laid
3- place metal tiles at their places with what ever pattern we want
4- groot all the intersection and edges and seal it
5- if needed one oxidised layer is been put or not

METAL TILE FLOORING

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BUILDING STRUCTURES

PRICE

Popular Metallic Tiles Price Range

DGVT Milano Brown Rs 83 per sq. feet

Rocker Jungi Cotto Rs 119 per sq. feet

Rocker Jungi Metal Blue Rs 119 per sq. feet

SIZES

Metallic Tiles Size Size in MM

Large tiles 600mm x 1200mm

Regular tiles 600mm x 600mm

This information of different prises and different sizes are from on of the online shopping website(orientbell
tiles ) and they are many more verities and are in different prize range too

METAL FLOORING TILES

FLOOR FINISHES I N S TA L LAT I O N D I SAD VAN TAG E S
BUILDING STRUCTURES 1. Highly durable material
Floor levelling 2. Excellent insulator
 creating reference lines 3. Reflects light
 mix and spread the mortar 4. Hard wearing and resistant to
Marble is a classic material which is always popular . It has been one of the most popular stones used in the construction of large  lay down first tile shattering
buildings. The word derives from ancient Greek MARMARON. Also called as soft stone .  use tile spacers
Color : light coloured rock AD VAN TAG E S
 cu tiles with a wet saw
Ability to accept polish : after being sand with progressively finer abrasives , marble can be polished to a high luster. 1. Highly durable material
 remove excess mortar
Texture: granular , hard (although component mineral is soft) 2. Excellent insulator
 seal the marble
3. Reflects light
 grout the tile
M A G N E S I U M C A R B O N AT E C O N T E N T 4. Hard wearing and resistant to
 wipe the tile clean
Dolomite marble : contains over 40% of magnesium carbonate . shattering
 seal the grout
Magnesium marble : contains between 5-40% of magnesium carbonate
Calcite marble : less than 5% of magnesium carbonate

STEPS FOR POLISHING

1.GRINDING 2. HONING 3. POLISHED 4.BUFFING 5.SEALING

This eradicates all ledges and Gives shine to the marble floor 4. Buffing Extends life of marble floor from
This step removes visible scratches and
roughness and brings roughness to Final stage in polishing also cracks and chips from start itself
stains and enhances shine and smoothness
marble floors known as crystallization

TYPE S O F MAR B LE
GREEN MARBLE MAKRANA
Galaxy jade , Verde indio , Verde oasis , Dungri makrana , Kumari Makrana,
Albeta ,Brown Albeta
YELLOW MARBLE BEIGE MARBLE
Amarillo triana , Spanish gold, Yellow sienna , Katni beige marble , Peralto beige marble
PINK MARBLE Giallo Monforte ,
Rose levanter, Rosa zacri,
Rosa Portuguese , Pink spider

RED MARBLE
WHITE MARBLE Sasso rosso , Ddomvrena , French BLACK MARBLE GREY MARBLE
red marble, R osa san marcos BROWN MARBLE Pieta Grey , Antico Grey , Marengo,
HAS HIGH DEMAND Nero portoro, Black Calacatta, Marina
marble , Rojo coralito Light emperador , dark emperador, Mariah
Carrara, Statuario, Calacatta, Mystery white, Black Marble , Negro Marquina
French brown marble
White himalaya
MARBLE FLOORING
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BUILDING STRUCTURES

D I SAD VAN TAG E S AD VAN TAG E S

• Expensive • Highly durable
• Cumbersome installation process • High scratch resistant
• Slippery when polished • High resistance to moisture
• Great for warmer climates and not very comfortable • Resistant to stains
for winter climates. • Very low maintenance
• Needs to be periodically resealed in order to keep it • Flooring is very well suited for radiant in
properly protected floor heating
• Naturally aesthetic

PROPERTIES
• Granite is a light- colored igneous rock with grains large enough to be visible with unaided eye.

U S E S
• Hard enough to resist abrasion , strong enough to bear significant weight, inert enough to resist weathering
and accepts a brilliant polish.
• Its being used for thousands of years in both interior and exterior applications
• Rough cut and polished granite is used in buildings, bridges, paving , monuments, and many other projects.
• Indoors: polished granite slabs and tiles are used in counter tops , tile floors , strait treads and many other
practical and decorative features.
• High price often reduces the popularity of a construction material and granite often costs significantly more
than other man made materials.
• However, granite is frequently selected becaused it is a prestige material and used to produce elegance
durability and lasting quality .
• It is also used as crushed stone or aggregate as a base material for construction

S U S TAI NAB I LITY AN D R E U SAB I LITY

• Granite and marble are considered to be unsustainable materials as they are non renewable resources and
have very energy intensive manufacturing process.
• they are both highly recyclable and reusable as well as durable. These materials can be recycled and used in
a number of different products such as concrete mixture , landscaping, aggregate fill , walkways or simply
reinstallation
• It is highly durable as it is very strong , thermally stable and has a very low rate of water absorption

SECTION SHOWIN GRANITE FLOORING

DIF FERE NCE B ETWEEN MARBLE AND GRANITE

Marble and granite both can be used as a counter top , floor , and other uses.
• Marble is not a good choice to be used in a home with small children as it has an ability to stain easily
when exposed to acidic foods . Not only from acidic foods but it loosed its vibrancy overtime
• Marble is a stone that has a durability that matches granite but is often used in fireplaces and bathrooms
• Because granite has a greater density and hardness making it a resistant to scratches, acids, stains, heat , and
it is often the more popular choice for kitchen countertops and outdoor pieces
SECTION SHOWING MARBLE FLOORING
ON STAIRS

GRANITE FLOORING
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BUILDING STRUCTURES

L A M I N AT E F L O O R I N G SOLID HARDWOOD FLOORING ENGINEERED WOOD CORK FLOORING

PROPERT IES PROPERTIES: PROPE RTI ES PROPERT IES
Sound dampening qualities, Hardwearing surface, Easy
• Originated from deciduous trees • Water resistant Maintenance, Hypoallergenic, Antistatic properties, Water
• Stabilize bottom layer (which protects the board
Ex-oak, teak, mahogany • Easier to install. Resistant
from deformation)
• Heavy in weight • It can last as long as solid plank flooring
Decorative layer (imparts colour and texture)
• Generally dark in colour • They are sustainable options
An upper protective layer (acrylic melamine
• Typically harder (density)
resin)
A D VA N T A G E S :
• Produces high durability A D VA N T A G E S A D VA N TA G E S
A D VA N T A G E S • Easy Maintenance • It is more attractive than a laminate floor • Aesthetic
• It is cheap • Gives strength to the structure • It is also less expensive than solid hardwood floors • Reduction of noise
• Resistance to abrasion • Aesthetic • Can be installed over concrete • Comfort (feel while standing for a long period)
• Double moisture protection • Multiple installation methods • Durable
• Easy and fast to lay • Repelling insects and the health factor
• Perfectly interlocked using clip system
D I S A D VA N TA G E S D I S A D VA N T A G E S D I S A D VA N TA G E S
D I S A D VA N TA G E S • Solid hardwood will swell in moist conditions and • These floors are not meant for high humidity or wet • Can be damaged easily
• It is easily swollen by moisture and gets contract as the area dries areas. • Cost
damaged • Installation is a complex process and for the best • Floors with thin veneers have the potential to become • Limitations (few colours to choose)
• Can become worn, scratched, and begin to fade. appearance must be done with great care de-laminated or chipped.
The floor can’t be refinished, and it must be • This is the most expensive option for those shopping • Individual pieces can separate over time and leave
replaced. for wood floors unsightly gaps.
• The joints wear over time, and once the surface
is damaged it is hard to fix

(A) Tile joinery

WOODEN FLOORING (B) Skirting (C) Subfloor

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BUILDING STRUCTURES

 
    

A sedimentary rock, sandstone consists of

extremely small-size minerals and grain particles.
Its major constituents are quartz and feldspar that
are also the most abundant minerals in the Earth’s
crust. 
Sandstones are installed in various interior locations
like flooring, cladding, as paving etc. Sandstone is a
beautiful natural floor covering will get the feeling
of earth and rock

M A I N T A I N A N C E : When you prefer

sandstone, regular sealing is required to prevent the
damage of stone because the water absorption
property of sandstone is very high compared with
other natural stones. Trained professionals will
operate so that you can make the most of your
investment. Excess sealer should be removed with
right kind of sealer remover. Sandstone
Maintenance for flooring should be done as per the
guidelines are given by the manufacturer. 
 

A D VA N T A G E S  
•Natural beauty 
•easy to carve
•Fireproof 
•durable
•Availability in varies colours, patterns, textures
and finishes.
•Replaceable

D I S A D VA N T A G E  
• Exceptional to dampness / water absorbent due to
High porosity
•High maintenance
•Scratches and staining
•Weathering with age
•Slippery when wet
SANDSTONE FLOORING
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BUILDING STRUCTURES
TYPES

Terrazzo is a composite material, poured in place or precast,

which is used for floor and wall treatments. It consists of chips
of marble, quartz, granite, glass, or other suitable material,
poured with a cementitious binder (for chemical
binding), polymeric (for physical binding), or a combination of
both.

EPOXY CEMENTITIOUS RUSTIC SAND CUSHION

I N S TA L L AT I O N M E T H O D
A D VA N T A G E S D I S A D VA N T A G E S

Mixing of Materials • Many types of terrazzo are of low
The pigment and cement are sieved and mixed in required proportions thoroughly with marble cost and very durable and can last
powder and aggregates. centuries.
• Terrazzo can easily be moulded into
panels It is light in weight, easy to
maintain
Under layer of Terrazzo flooring
• This type of flooring is also
The panels shall be of uniform size, Cement slurry at 2kg per sq. m. shall be applied before
environmental friendly
laying of underlayer over the cement concrete or RCC base.
• Terrazzo flooring is slippery when
wet as it is highly polished at the
time of laying.
• Terrazzo flooring is prone to stain
marks
• As it does not have any cushioning,
it can be hard to stand on for a
period of time.

Fixing of strips
Glass Strips of 4mm thickness or thick 5mm plain asbestos sheets, 2mm thick PVC
strips/aluminium strips/brass strips shall be fixed with their top at the proper level to required
slope

Laying of topping layer of terrazzo flooring

The topping layer shall be slightly thicker than specified to achieve more thickness after SECTION OF A
compacting. It must be carried out in such a way that maximum number of marble chips are TERRAZZO FLOOR
visible and evenly spread over the surface.

Polishing, Curing and Finishing

The polishing of the top layer shall be strictly carried out by the machine after 36 hrs of laying
the top layer.

TERRAZZO FLOORING
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BUILDING STRUCTURES
Mosaic tiles are more of a style than a material. Any TYPES
type of tile, ceramic, porcelain, stone or glass for
example, can be arranged in a mosaic pattern.
The tile sheets can be cut to fit into flooring or wall
spaces that may have unique architectural angles.

STONE MOSAICS GLASS MOSAICS MURALS ETCHED STONES HAND PAINTED MOSAIC TILES

C H I N A M O S A I C F L O O R I N G I N S TA L L AT I O N

• Lime-surkhi mortar is spread over the concrete base and levelled. Thickness of the mortar is 5 A D VA N T A G E S D I S A D VA N T A G E S
to 8 cm • CHALLENGING TO INSTALL
• A layer of cementing material of about 3cm thick( consisting of 2:1:1 ratio of lime and • AESTHETICS • THEY CAN GET SLIPPERY
marble and pozzolana material ) • EASY TO CLEAN AND MAINTAIN • TIME CONSUMING
• After some time, about 4 hours later, stone pieces are laid • EXTREMELY DURABLE • SUSCEPTIBLE TO SCRATCHES
• A stone roller is passed over the surface gently and water being sprinkled over now and then • ENVIRONMENTAL • BREAKAGE
to work up the cement between the stone pieces • THEY ARE LUSTROUS
• The surface is then allowed to set for 24 hours and is rubbed with a pumice stone to polish
the surface and to make it smooth and level

M O S A I C T I L E S H E E T S I N S TA L L AT I O N

• Spread the tile adhesive using a notch trowel.

• Place the mosaic sheet tiles on the adhesive,
• Tap the tiles with rubber mallet, so that the sheets are tightly set on the wall
• Separate each tiles with tile spacers to ensure equal spacing SECTION SHOWING DIFFERENT LAYERS
• When all the tiles are placed, wipe off excess adhesive with a damp sponge
• Grouting is done after 24-48 hours
• Remove the tile spacers and dampen the mosaic with clean water
• Grout is then worked into the joints to fill them GROUT is a dense fluid which is used to fill gaps. It is generally a mixture of water, cement and sand.
• After grouting, apply the grout sealer at the joints of tiles
• After 10 days, coat the expansion joints with a silicon sealer CEMENT LAYER 50mm can also be replaced with lime-surkhi mortar

EXTRA 30mm PCC BED is usually added for providing a gripping surface for the stones being laid. Here each
stone is handpicked and placed according to the design

MOSAIC FLOORING
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BUILDING STRUCTURES

• Ceramic tile is a type of tile that is typically made from red or white clay. Ceramic tile can be used in
several areas throughout the house. Ceramic tile is made of clay that has been fired in a kiln. ...
Despite these differences, ceramic tile is a very popular choice for floors, counter-tops and walls.

• Since these tiles are made by heating a mixture of clay and other additives at high temperatures, they
are dense and strong.

• Ceramic tiles are dense and less brittle. Hence, they are quite durable.

• The porosity in ceramic tiles is 3%, meaning the structure is more compact, and are resistant to
dampening and freezing.

• Ceramic tiles are tested to be resistant to abrasion, corrosion and household chemicals, acids, etc.
therefore it can be widely used almost anywhere.

• Ceramic tiles do not retain dust or residues as easily

as many other flooring surfaces.

SIZES

• Some popular sizes for floors include 300×600 mm,

600×600 mm, 610×610 mm and 800×800 mm

• Thickness around 5-10 mm or 10-15 mm

CERAMIC TILES
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BUILDING STRUCTURES

• Vitrified tile is a ceramic tile with very low porosity. It is an alternative to marble and granite flooring.

Vitrified tiles are often used outdoors due to their water and frost resistance. There are four types of
Vitrified tiles - Soluble salt, Double charge, Full Body, Glazed.

• Vitrified tile is made by hydraulic pressing a mixture of clay, quartz, feldspar and silica, which

make vitreous surface. Thus creating a single mass making them hard with low porosity. Different clay
bodies reach vitrification at different temperatures.

• Vitrified tiles are scratch and stain resistant. These tiles can be used for both indoor and outdoor
application. In the indoors they can be used in residential flooring , wall tiles in kitchens and
bathrooms, for outdoors they are highly suitable in high traffic areas.

• Vitrified tile is made from natural clay, sand and water. These materials are molded to form square or
rectangular tiles and then baked in a kiln to remove most of the moisture.

A D VA T N A G E S A N D D I S A D VA N T A G E S

• The advantages of vitrified tiles are the consistency in size, shape and thickness will be maintained
through the machine made vitrified tiles.
• The performance of vitrified tiles is better than ceramics.
• The staining offered by vitrified tiles is better compared with ceramics.
• The sheen is not lost very soon.
• Cost factor affordable when compared to Marble to Granite.
• You get Tiles which can imitate Marble and Granite colour finish.
• One of the Major disadvantages of Vitrified Tiles is that they are Expensive when compared to the cost
of ceramics tiles.
• In order to ensure the steadiness, high-quality adhesives are used. Hence, these are expensive than ceramic
tiles.

VITRIFIED TILES