PERSONAL DIFFERENCES AND

ENERGY CAPACITY
MEASUREMENT
Energy Systems
• Anaerobic
• ATP-PC
• Glycolysis
• Aerobic
• Glycolysis
• lipolysis

• Duration & Severity

The percentage participation of energy systems in total energy production in
maximal exercise at different times.
……affects exercise training.
• In which type of exercise is it trained / evaluated
• SPECIALIZED the nature of the metabolic capacity
• Speed / Strength / Endurance: According to the specific metabolic and
physiological demands of the activity
ANAEROBIC ENERGY
• Emergency and Short-Term Energy Systems:
• It generally takes part in all exercises that last up to 2 minutes.
• Both systems are anaerobic. There is no need for oxygen in chemical energy
transfer.
Emergency Energy System
• Store phosphate is ATP-PC.
• The tests that cause maximum activation are measured by performance tests.

• Power tests
• Margaria Power Test
• Jumping Power Tests: Horizontal / vertical jump distance
• All exercises for 4-6 seconds with short distance running, cycling, arm ergometer
Margaria Power Test
• Body weight affects the result. The strength
increases as the body weight increases.
• Personal differences play an important role.
Jumping Power Test

Vertical jump and standing

long jump are used in
physical fitness tests.
Short-term Energy System
• Energy is produced by anaerobic glycolysis.
• The amount of lactic acid increases.
Blood Lactic Acid Levels
• In balanced exercise up to 55% of maximum oxygen consumption, blood lactic
acid level remains relatively low.

• As the exercise intensifies and Max VO2 is reached, there is a greater increase in
the blood lactic acid amount (anaerobic threshold).

• In such a situation, exercise cannot be continued for more than a few minutes.
Glycogene Consumption

• The short-term energy system depends on

the stored glycogen in specific muscles
that are activated during exercise.
• The consumption of glycogen in these
muscles is an indication of the participation
of glycolysis in exercise.
• Since metabolism is mainly aerobic in a light exercise, large amounts of fatty acids
are used for energy production, and the use of stored glycogen is moderate.

• In heavy workloads, glycogen consumption is more sudden and evident.

Performance Tests For Glycolithic Power
• These are activities that require maximal work up to 3 minutes.

To test this energy capacity:

1. Running Very Fast
2. Weight Lifting
3. Cycling
4. Shuttle Running Test
• Factors such as age, skill, motivation and body size are effective. It is therefore
difficult to choose the appropriate criterion for testing the glycolytic energy
system.

• The principle of specialization of exercise:

•   the test must have an activity similar to the evaluated energy capacity
Effects of Training on Anaerobic Energy System

• Anaerobic features of trained and

untrained individuals were evaluated. As
a result, higher levels of muscle and
blood lactic acid in trained people use
more glycogen.
Personal Differences in Anaerobic Energy System

• Previous level of training

• Buffering of acid metabolites
• Motivation
Buffering of Acid Metabolites
• Lactic acid accumulates, the acidity of muscle and blood increases.
• The contractility ability of the exercising muscles is affected.
• There is an idea that anaerobic training can improve short-term energy capacity
through the mechanism of increasing the body's alkaline reserve.
Aerobic Energy
(Long Term Energy System)
• People with high aerobic energy transfer
capacity have better performance in
activities that require long-term, high
intensity exercise.

• The highest maximal VO2 consumption

values were recorded in long distance
running, swimming and skiing.
• Maximal oxygen consumption is not the only factor in evaluating aerobic capacity.

• Other factors especially in muscle level; capillary number, enzymes, fiber type, has
a strong effect on maintaining a high level of aerobic exercise.

• In addition, obtaining maximal oxygen consumption requires the integration of

ventilatory, cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems.
MEASUREMENT OF MAXIMUM AEROBIC POWER
• Maximal oxygen consumption activates large muscle groups.
• It is a walking, running, step or bicycle ergometer on the treadmill.
• In order to ensure that the person's aerobic metabolism reaches its maximum
during exercise, it must be leveled at some point or exceeded the peak in VO2
consumption.
• Peak oxygen consumption means the highest value of oxygen consumption during
testing.
• The maximal oxygen consumption is carried out progressively on the test
treadmill and ends when the person cannot complete the total time for a given
load.
• Performance in these tests is generally independent of strength, speed, body size
and skill (except activities such as swimming, rowing and ice skating).

• The maximal oxygen consumption test may require 3-5 minutes of continuous
supermaximal effort, but usually consists of gradual exercise that increases to the
point where the person can no longer continue.

• The maximal O2 consumption tests are usually carried out continuously (without
rest between workloads) or intermittently (with the person resting for 5-10
minutes between workloads).
• In terms of application, it is a continuous
treadmill.

• In the continuous and intermittent bicycle

ergometry test, the most important
complaint is the intense local discomfort
in the thigh muscles.

• In running tests, there is no local

discomfort. People complain mostly
about general fatigue and especially their
breathing.
Factors Affecting Maximum Aerobic Power
• Maximal oxygen consumption is affected by many factors. The most important of
these are;
1. Type of Exercise
2. Heredity
3. Education Status
4. Age
5. Gender
6. Body Composition
Exercise Type
• The amount of working muscle mass affects.

• The highest max VO2 level was obtained at running band. In the step test, it is
similar to that of running track.

• VO2 is a little low on a bicycle ergometer.

Heredity
• Training is important.

Twin Brothers
The Impact of Training
• The maximal oxygen consumption value of the person should be evaluated.

• The improvement in aerobic capacity with training is usually between 6% and

20%.
Gender
• The maximal oxygen consumption value of men is 15-30% more than women. The
reason depends on the body composition and the amount of hemoglobin.

• Men have wider muscle mass and less fat percentage than women.

• In addition, men have 10-14% more hemoglobin concentration than women. This
difference potentially affects the oxygen transport of the blood and creates a
broader aerobic capacity for men.
Body Composition
• In calculating oxygen consumption, its relation to body surface, body weight and
lean body mass, or limb volume should be considered.
Age
• Maximal oxygen consumption is not protected by aging.

• The peak value was reached between the ages of 18-25 (eliminated when
explained by body weight).

• With advancing age, a decrease in physiological capacity is observed.

Tests For Maximum Oxygen Consumption
• Measuring Max VO2 requires a large laboratory and important motivation of the
patient.

• Adequate supervision and monitoring is required.

• For these reasons, some tests have been developed to predict max VO2 from
performance measurements (submaximal tests-6 minutes walking test).
Predicting with Heart Rate

• It is the most used method.

• It is based on the linear relationship
between oxygen consumption and heart
rate.
Affecting Causes
1. Linear relationship between heart rate and VO2 ratio. For heavier workloads, VO2
rises more for every heart rate unit.
2. The same max Heart rate for everyone: Persons of the same age have a standard
deviation of ± 10 beats / minute at max heart rate.
3. Constant mechanical capability: A person with poor mechanical capability (more
than the O2 consumption is predicted in a submaximal workload) can be estimated
less than the max VO2 value. Normally, interpersonal difference does not exceed ±
6%.
4. Change in heart rate from day to day: Submaximal Heart rate averages ± 5 beats /
min during the day at the same workload, even under very well standardized
conditions. Predicted from submaximal heart rate, max VO2 differs from the actual
value by 10-20%.
Thank you