Lectuere 9

Outlines:
Defining Science and Hikmah
Basic concepts of Islam&Scinence
Contribution of Quran to science
Contribution to modern science by Muslim scientists
Islamic Sciences; brief perception
Down fall of Islamic era of science
Action plan to revert the present situation
 Science or Hikma
Study of nature
Islam stresses to explore nature (‫حقیق‬--‫ ت‬and ‫سخیر‬--‫)ت‬
Expect us to know the force behind nature
Once this is realized the concept of Creation (‫ )مخلوق‬and
Creator (‫لق‬--‫ا‬-‫ )خ‬become obvious
Knowledge of nature brings you closure to Allah
 Science

After the birth of Mohammad (SAS) science took a

different course
Revelation of Al-Quran-ul-Hakeem changed the
thinking process of mankind
Islam brought science from imaginary philosophical
concept to modern experimental and practical stage,
so call Modern Science
 Science
Al-Quran initiated a different thinking process in
Muslim Scholars (Hukma or Muslim Scientists)
Reaching precision and accuracy was their
measurement
They developed the method of investigation
(Scientific Method)
Basic concepts of Islam &
Scinence
 Islamic era of Science

Birth of Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH)
(570 AD – 632 AD)

Begins with
revelation of Quran
(610 AD)
Islam and Modern Scientific Methods

The Challenge of Quran

Soon we will show them our signs in the (furthest)

regions (of the earth), and in their own souls until
it manifests truth on them.

(Sura Fussilat 41:53)

Importance of observation in Quran

Say : “Behold all that is In the heavens and on earth”

(Sura Yunus 10:101)

 Say: “Travel through the earth And see how God did
Originate creation; so will God produce a later creation:
For God has Power over all Things

(Sura Ankabut 29:20)

Quran gives many Scientific facts

Do not the Unbelievers see That the heavens

And the earth Were joined together (as one Unit
Of Creation),

(Sura Anbiyaa 21:30)

Expansion of the Universe

And the heaven, we have built it with power.

Verily, we are expanding it.

(Sura Al Zariyat 51:47)

“From 8th century to 12th century, Arabic was
the scientific language”.
- British Research 4:1

“Muslim scholars introduced precise observation, controlled

experiment and careful records”.
-Will Durant
 What is Islam?
A religion that began with the prophet Muhammad (‫)ﷺ‬in the 7th century
Muhammad(‫ )ﷺ‬believed he was a messenger sent by God
Muslims follow the teachings of the holy book, the Qur’an
Muslims pray in the direction of Mecca, the centre for Islamic worship
Islam spread rapidly throughout the Middle East and beyond
 ‫ق‬
Science and Learning in Medieval‫سطی‬
ٰ ‫ون‬
‫ر و‬
Islam
•Early Islamic teaching encouraged the pursuit of all knowledge that helped to improve people’s lives
•Arabic became the international language of scholarship
•Muslims translated important works from ancient Greece and Egypt
•Huge libraries were established in big cities like Baghdad, Cairo and Damascus
Quran & Science
 Role of Islam in the development of
Science:

Quranic Verses for Knowledge and Science:

ْۗ ُ ٓ ٰ َ ۡ
1. ‫إِنَّ َما يَ ۡخ َشى ٱهَّلل َ ِم ۡن ِعبَا ِد ِه ٱل ُعل َمؤا‬
Only those of His bondmen who
possess knowledge fear Allah.(Fatir: 28)
 Role of Islam in the development of
Science:

2.‫وا ٱ أۡل ۡ َ ٰلبَب‬

ْ ُ‫ونإِنَّ َما يَ تَ َذ َّك ُر أُ ْول‬
َ ۗ ‫ون َوٱ َّل ِذ َيناَل يَ ۡعلَ ُم‬
َ ‫قُ ۡل َۡهليَ ۡستَ ِويٱ َّل ِذ َينيَ ۡعلَ ُم‬
Say you, 'Are those who know equal to those who
know not'? Only those who are endued with understanding
receive admonition. (Zumar:9)
ْ ُ‫ين َءا َمن‬
3. ۡ‫وا ِمن ُكم‬ ٖ ۚ ‫وا ۡٱل ِع ۡل َم َد َر ٰ َج‬
َ ‫ت يَ ۡرفَ ِع ٱهَّلل ُ ٱلَّ ِذ‬ ْ ُ‫ين أُوت‬
َ ‫َوٱلَّ ِذ‬
Allah will raise, in degree, those of you who believe and
those who are gifted with knowledge (Mujadala: 11)
4. ‫ق‬ َ َ
َ ‫ك ٱل ِذي خل‬ َّ َ ِّ‫ۡٱق َرأ بِٱس ِم َرب‬
ۡ ۡ
Recite with the name of your Lord Who created
 Motivation to research among the
Universe:
1. ‫ب‬ ٰ َ ۡ ‫أۡل‬ ُ ‫أِّل‬ ٰ ٓ ‫أَل‬ َّ ۡ َّ َ ٰ ۡ ۡ َ ‫أۡل‬ ٰ ٰ ۡ
ِ َ ‫ب‬
‫ل‬ ‫ٱ‬‫ي‬ ِ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬
ْ ‫ت‬ ‫ي‬
ٖ َ ِ َ َ ِ ‫ار‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ن‬
‫ل‬ ‫ٱ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ي‬
‫ل‬ ‫ٱ‬ ‫ف‬ ِ ِ َ ِ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ٱخ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ٱ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬
َ ََِ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬َّ ‫ل‬ ‫ٱ‬ ِ ‫إِنَّ فِ ي َخ‬
‫ق‬ ‫ل‬
‫ض‬ ‫ر‬ۡ َ ‫ُونفِ ي َخ ۡل ِقٱ ل َّس ٰ َم ٰ َو ِت َوٱ أۡل‬ َ ‫ر‬ َّ
‫ك‬ َ ‫ف‬َ ‫ت‬َ ‫ي‬ ‫و‬
َ ‫م‬ۡ ‫ه‬
ِ ِ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬ُ ‫ن‬‫ج‬ُ ‫ى‬ ٰ َ ‫ل‬
‫ع‬ َ ‫و‬ َ ‫ا‬ ‫ود‬ ٗ ‫ع‬
ُ ُ ‫ق‬ ‫و‬
َ ‫ا‬ ‫م‬ٗ َ ٰ
‫ي‬ ِ ‫ق‬ َ ‫هَّلل‬ ‫ٱ‬ ‫ُون‬
َ ‫ر‬ ُ
‫ك‬ ‫ذ‬ۡ َ ‫ي‬ ‫ين‬
َ ‫ذ‬
ِ ‫ل‬َّ ‫ٱ‬
ِ
‫ار‬ َّ ‫ن‬
‫ل‬ ‫ٱ‬ ‫اب‬
َ َ
‫ذ‬ ‫ع‬َ ‫ا‬ َ ‫ن‬ِ ‫ق‬ َ ‫ف‬ ‫ك‬ َ َ ‫ن‬ ‫ح‬
َ ٰ ۡ
‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ُ ‫اٗل‬ ‫ط‬
ِ َ ٰ
‫ب‬ ‫ا‬ َ
‫ذ‬ ‫ه‬
َ ٰ ‫ت‬ َ ‫ق‬ۡ َ‫َربَّنَ ا َم ا َخل‬
ِ
Undoubtedly, in the creation of heavens and earth and in the mutual
alternation of night and day, there are signs for men of understanding.
These are the people who, remembering Allah, remain standing,
sitting and changing sides (in discomfort of love) and meditate on the
creation of the heavens and the earth ‘ (They Say)O our Lord, You
have not created (all) this without any rationale and strategy You are
perfectly Pure (of all shortcomings and obligations) So protect us from
the torment of Hell. (Ale Imran190,191)
 Motivation to research among the
Universe:
2. ‫اس َي َوأَ ْنهَ ا ًرا َو ِمن ُك ِّلا لثَّ َم َر ِات َج َع َلفِ يهَ ا‬ َ ‫َوهُ َو ا َّل ِذي َم َّد ا أْلَ ْر‬
ِ ‫ض َو َج َع َلفِ يهَ ا َر َو‬
‫ضقِ طَ ٌع‬ ِ ‫ر‬ ْ َ ‫أْل‬ ‫ا‬‫ي‬ ‫ف‬
ِ ‫و‬
َ ٣ ‫ُون‬َ ‫ر‬ َّ
‫ك‬ َ ‫ف‬َ ‫ت‬ َ ‫ي‬ ‫م‬
ٍ ‫و‬
ْ َ ‫ق‬ ِّ
‫ات‬ ‫ل‬ ٍ َ ‫ي‬ ‫آَل‬ ‫ك‬َ ِ ‫ل‬ َ
‫ذ‬ ‫ي‬ ِ ‫ف‬‫ن‬َّ ِ ‫إ‬ ‫ر‬
َ ‫ا‬ َ ‫ه‬َّ ‫ن‬
‫ل‬ ‫ا‬‫ل‬َ ْ
‫ي‬ َّ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬‫ي‬‫ش‬ِ ْ
‫غ‬ ُ ‫ي‬‫ن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ْ
ِ ‫َز ْو َج ْي ِن‬
ْ َ ‫اث‬
‫اح ٍد‬ ِ ‫ص ْن َو ٍانيُ ْسقَىبِ َما ِء َو‬ ِ ‫ص ْن َو ٌان َو َغ ْي ُر‬ ِ ‫او َر ٌات َو َجنَّ ٌات ِّمْنأَ ْعنَ ٍاب َو َز ْر ٌع َونَ ِخ ٌيل‬ ِ ‫ُّمتَ َج‬
‫ون‬ َ ُ‫ات قَ ْو ٍم يَ ْعقِل‬ ِّ‫ضفِ يا أْل ُ ُك ِلإِ َّنفِ ي َذلِ َك آَل يَ ٍ ل‬ ٍ ‫ضهَ ا َعلَىبَ ْع‬ َ ‫ض ُلبَ ْع‬ ِّ َ‫َونُف‬
And He is the One Who spread out the earth and brought about
mountains and rivers in it and produced pairs of (genders) two each
among all kinds of fruits. (He is the One Who) stretches the cover of
the night over the day. Indeed there are (many) Signs in it for those
who meditate. And there are in the earth tracts (of different kinds) that
are adjoining to each other and the gardens of grapes and crops and
palm trees, clustered and non-clustered. All these are irrigated with the
same water. And We make some of them superior to others in taste.
Verily there are (great) Signs in it for the people who apply reason.
(al-raad:3- 4)
 Contribution to modern
science by Muslim scientists
 Evolution of Sciences in the time of
Muslim Rular:
Pre Islamic Sciences: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Development of Islamic Sciences
‫( مباهج االعالم فى مناھج االقالم‬Mabahij al-a'lam fi Manahij
al-'aklam)by Imam Abdurahman bin Muhmmad bin Ali alhnfi
albustami which is now in Leadon University, Holland,
First Hospital in the time of Waleed bin Abdulmalik (86 to 96
Hijri)
 Building
 Salary for Doctors and researches
Non Muslim researches
Laboratories
 Medical collages and Hospitals in the
time of Muslim Ruler:

Medical collages with Hospitals like Noori hospital in

Damascus and Ibn-e-Tolun Hospital in Egypt with its library
which has one lack medical books. And Azdi Hopital in
Bagdad
 Departments in these Hospitals:
Dep. Of systematic diseases
Ophthalmic department
Surgical department
Orthopedic Department
Department of mental Diseases
 Schools, collages and Universities in the
time of Muslim Ruler:
Schools, collages and Universities in Demascus,
Halab , 350 Schools 5 Universities
Bagdad, 1200 Schools 28 Universities
Egypt, 535 Schools 8 Universities
Jerusalem, 200 Schools 3 Universities
Nizamia University, Bagdad has 6000 student from 5 Hijrah
to 9th
Islamic Sciences; brief
perception
 Islamic Sciences; brief perception:
 Quranic sciences
According to Qadi AbuBakar Ibn arabi Quran has 77450 Sciences
 Astronomy
Averroes: (Ibn Rushd  ‫ ;ابنرشد‬1126 –1198)
Sun spots and surface of Sun. In the time of Mamoon: Earth Mapping,
Circulation of Sun and moon
Al-battani ‫ي‬ ( ‫ )محم د ب نجابر ب نسنانا لبتان‬in the 3 and 4th Hijri (c. 858 – 929):
Timekeeping because of Prayer and Som
One of al-Battānī's best-known achievements in astronomy was the determination
of the solar year as being 365 days
Shaikh Abdurahman Alsofi ‫ي‬ ( ‫ )عبدا لرحم نب نعم ر ا لصوف‬: Figure of the Stars
‫كواكب‬
( ‫ )صورا ل‬the word “almanac” ‫ ا لمناخ‬in Astronomy is latterly Arabic which
means “season”
Ali bin Khalaf, Abbas bin Farnas were in Spain. Abbas has one room Laboratory
for Sun, moon sky and stars,
Abbas is first who flow airplane.
 Islamic Sciences; brief perception:
 Math, Algebra, Geometry
•Alkhawarzmi: ( ‫ ;محمد ب نموسىا لخوارزمی‬c. 780 – c. 850)
•His book Al-Jabr wal muqabla taught in European Universities till 16th AD as
text book
•Al-battani: trigonometrical functions that are part of Geometry
•Abul wafa: tangents functions .A line which touches a circle in Geometry
•Zero introduced in Muslim world before 250 years
 Physics, Mechanics (science concerned with the behavior of
physical bodies), Dynamics
•Muhammad bin Zakriya Al-razi: Cosmology introduced by him
•Al-bairooni refused many thoughts of Aristotle for physics
•Al-bagdadi: “‫تاب لمعتبر‬
‫ “ ك ا‬has huge contribution in “motion”‫حرک ت‬and “Velocity”
‫رفتار‬
•Ibn haitham: density, atmosphere, measurement, weight, space, time, velocities,
gravitation, capillary, attraction. All these basic concepts were presented by him
in Physics.
 Islamic Sciences; brief perception:
 Optics
•Ibn alhaitham: ‫ي ا لحسنب نا لحسنب نا لهيثم‬
، ‫( أبو عل‬965 –1040 CE)
•his book “On Optics” by its Latin translation. He invented magnifying power of
lenses first time in the history.
•Qutbuddin Shairazi has role in this filed
 Botany
•Al-dinori has six volume Encyclopedia which is first research in the
world in this field. It was introduced before Greek translation.
•According to Prof. Arnold: Muslims worked Geology and botany.
•Ibn-ul-Awam presented his book which has 585 condition and kinds
for trees and geneses
•In the time of Abdurahman I, in Cordoba city founded a small garden
“ ‫باتات لطبيه‬
‫ا‬ ‫( حديقه ن‬Garden of herbal medicine)
 Islamic Sciences; brief perception:
 Medical Science
•Islamic medical sciences: Surgery, Pharmacy etc.
•Al-razi: Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (c. 865 – 925)
•wrote more than 200 books for medical sciences only
•Ibn Sina (Avicenna) ‫ ;أبو عليا لحسينب نعبد هللا ب نا لحسنب نعليب نسينا‬c. 980 –1037
•Canon of Medicine ‫طب‬( ‫تاب ل‬
‫)ک ا‬was written for the first time and as text in
European universities till 1650.
•In 1000 Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi published his 30-volume medical
encyclopedia, the Al-Tasrif, which remained a standard textbook in Muslim and
European universities until the 16th century.
•The book first introduced many surgical instruments and a variety of other
instruments. He also invented the plaster cast cotton dressing, oral and mental
attack and its medicine.
 Islamic Sciences; brief perception:
Chimestry
•Jābir ibn Ḥayyān  (815 – 721‫جابر ب نحیان‬CE)
•Muḥammad ibn Umayl al-Tamīmī (900–960CE‫) محمد ب نأميلا لتميمي‬was
an 11th-century alchemist
•Al-Rāzī mentions the following chemical processes:
•distillation, calcination, solution, evaporation, crystallization,
sublimation, filtration,

In 1030, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni stated that light has a finite speed, and
he was the first to theorize that the speed of light is much faster than
the speed of sound.
Down fall of Islamic era of
science
Fortunately, now in the 21st century the West and the
Muslims are starting to rediscover this golden age of
Islamic Science and many documentaries and books
are being produced on this subject.
Some of those documentaries are:
BBC- Science and Islam:The language of science
BBC- Science and Islam:The Empire of Reason
BBC- Science and Islam:The Power of Doubt
BBC- What the anciens did for us:The Islamic World
BBC-An Islamic History of Europe
Channel 4- When the Moors ruled in Europe
Why did the “Golden Age”looking to
come to an end?

Religious divisions caused problems by the end of the 11th century

Conservative theologians imposed a return to orthodox beliefs and rejected ‘foreign
sciences’
The European crusades and attacks by the Mongols weakened the empire
 Thanks
and
Jazakallah

By
dr shahid tirmazi