Training module

on

7 QC Tools
7 Q C Tools 1
 Cautionary Note
“It’s impossible to solve significant
problems using the same level of
knowledge that created them!”
Albert Einstein

7 Q C Tools 2
What are 7 QC Tools ?
QC tools are the means for Colleting
data , analyzing data , identifying root causes
and measuring the results.
THESE TOOLS ARE RELATED TO
Numerical DATA processing

USER HAS TO ARRIVE AT THE

SOLUTION & IMPLEMENT
7 Q C Tools 3
 Principles of Continuous Improvement

• Customer
• People
• Training
• Creativity
• Process
• Speak with Data

7 Q C Tools 4
 Continuous Improvement

• Procedure
• Cost is goal
• Cost reduction to reach goal
• Waste elimination to reduce cost

7 Q C Tools 5
 Continuous Improvement
• Waste
• Resources (materials, labour,
space, capital, time, machines) that
are used that do not add value
• Waste elimination
• Reduce defects
7 Q C Tools 6
 Deming Cycle

• Shewhart Cycle - PDCA

• Plan
• Do
• Check
• Act

7 Q C Tools 7
7 Q C Tools
 Approaches to Problem Solving
• Data is available
• Analyze the data to solve a
particular problem
• Basic Seven Tools
• Data is not available
• New Seven Tools
7 Q C Tools
 Basic Seven Tools
• 7QC Tools
• Statistical Tools
• Flow Charts, Cause and Effect
Diagrams, Check Sheets,
Histograms, Pareto Charts, Scatter
Diagram and Control Charts
7 Q C Tools 10
 7 QC TOOLS
•Check Sheet
•Pareto Diagram
•Cause and Effect Diagram
•Histogram
•Stratification
•Scatter Diagram
•Control Chart/Graph
7 Q C Tools 11
 Problem Solving
• Aware of the Symptoms of the
Problem
• Finding Facts
• Identifying problems
• Generating ideas
• Evaluate potential solutions and
make a decision
• Implementing the solution
7 Q C Tools 12
 Problem Solving Principal Tool
Aware of the symptoms Flow, run and
control charts
Finding Facts Check sheets
Identifying problems Pareto diagrams,
Histograms
Generating ideas Cause andeffect
diagrams
Evaluate potential Scatter Diagrams
solutions
Implementing New 7 Tools

7 Q C Tools
 Flow Charts
• Diagram the Process
• What benefits?
• Who does it?
• How to do it?
• Identify potential solutions

7 Q C Tools 14
 Flowcharts
• Flowcharts

• Graphical description of how work is

done.
– Used to describe processes that are to be
improved.

7 Q C Tools 15
 Flow Diagrams
" Draw a flowchart for whatever you do.
Until you do, you do not know what you
are doing,
you just have a job.”

-- Dr. W. Edwards Deming.

7 Q C Tools 16
 FLOW CHART
Activity

Yes
Decision

No

7 Quality Tools
7 Q C Tools 17
 Process Chart Symbols
Operations
Inspection

Transportation

Delay

Storage

7 Q C Tools
 Flowchart

7 Q C Tools 19
 Flow Diagrams

7 Q C Tools 20
 Flow Diagrams

7 Q C Tools 21
 Process Chart
Date: 9-30-00 Location: Graves Mountain
Analyst: TLR Process: Apple Sauce

Distance
Operation
Transport
Description

Storage
Inspect

(feet)
(min)
Time
Delay
Step

of
process

1 Unload apples from truck 20

2 Move to inspection station 100 ft
3 Weigh, inspect, sort 30
4 Move to storage 50 ft
5 Wait until needed 360
6 Move to peeler 20 ft
7 Apples peeled and cored 15
8 Soak in water until needed 20
9 Place in conveyor 5
10 Move to mixing area 20 ft
11 Weigh, inspect, sort 30
Page 1 0f 3 Total 480 190 ft

7 Q C Tools 22
 Check Sheet

1. What is Check sheet ?

A check sheet is “a sheet designed in advance to allow easy

collection and aggregation of data.” By just entering check
marks on a check sheet, data can be collected to extract
necessary information, or a thorough inspection can be
performed in an efficient manner, eliminating a possibility
of skipping any of the required inspection items.
A check sheet is also effective in performing stratification
(categorization).

7 Q C Tools 23
 Check Sheet

2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?

Please refer to the table on next slide for the usage

and benefits of a check sheet. It is frequently used in
daily business operations, often not specifically for
QC purposes.

7 Q C Tools 24
Check Sheet
Method Usage Result
Used to collect Ensures collection of
Check Sheet data. required data.
Day
Process
Used when Allows a thorough
Process 1
performing a inspection of all check
Process 2

thorough items.
Process 3

inspection. Can understand

Used during phases to monitor tendencies and
the situation, analyze causes, variations.
review effectiveness of an Can record required
action, perform data.
standardization, and
implement a selected control
measure

7 Q C Tools 25
Check Sheet
A check sheet used to identify defects

Date
Total
Defect

Vertical Scratch

Scratch

Dent

7 Q C Tools 26
 7 QC – Check-sheet
  Product   Date 7/3/03  

  Manufacturing Stage Filling Factory/Unit Khurda/CSD  

  Total number inspected 20000 Lot Number A2110  

Variation in Filling - Daily Report

S.n
o Type Check Subtotal

BLEND STOP DUE TO LOW CO2

1 PRESSURE 1 1

2 GAS VOLUME VARIATION 11111 11111 10

3 CO2 AND AIR LEAKAGES 1 1

4 PUMP FAILURE 111 3

5 MOTOR OVERLOAD AND FAILURE 11111 11111 11111 11111 20

MALFUNCTIONING OF ELECTRONIC 11111 11111 11111 11111 11111 11111 11111

6 DEVICES 111 38

7 LEAKAGE FROM MANIFOLD 11111 11111 11111 11111 11111 1 26

FREQUENT CO2 PURGING FROM CC

8 TANK. 11111 11111 11111 1111 19

9 Others 11 2

  Grand Total   116

7 Q C Tools 27
  Total Rejects    
 CHECK SHEET

Shifts

   

Defect Type

 

 

 
7 Quality Tools

7 Q C Tools 28
 Check Sheet
COMPONENTS REPLACED BY LAB
TIME PERIOD: 22 Feb to 27 Feb 1998
REPAIR TECHNICIAN: Bob

TV SET MODEL 1013

Integrated Circuits ||||
Capacitors |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| ||
Resistors ||
Transformers ||||
Commands
CRT |

7 Q C Tools 29
 Pareto Diagram

1. What is Pareto diagram ?

A Pareto diagram is a combination of bar and line graphs of

accumulated data, where data associated with a problem
(e.g., a defect found, mechanical failure, or a complaint
from a customer) are divided into smaller groups by cause
or by phenomenon and sorted, for example, by the number
of occurrences or the amount of money involved. (The
name “Pareto” came from an Italian mathematician who
created the diagram.)

7 Q C Tools 30
 Pareto Principle
• Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) Italian
economist

– 20% of the population has 80% of the wealth

• Juran used the term “vital few, trivial
many”. He noted that 20% of the quality
problems caused 80% of the dollar loss.

7 Q C Tools 31
 Pareto Diagram

2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?

Please refer to the table on next slide for the

usage and benefits of a Pareto diagram. It is
mainly used to prioritize matters, and because
of its easiness of use, the diagram is used in a
wide variety of fields.

7 Q C Tools 32
Pareto Diagram
Method Usage
Used to identify and
prioritize a problem.
Pareto Diagram
(No. of Occurrences) Used to review the effects of
an action taken.
Used to prioritize actions.
(Used during phases to
monitor the situation,
analyze causes, and review
effectiveness of an action.)
7 Q C Tools
Result
Allows clarification of
important tasks.
Allows identification of
a starting point (which
task to start with).
Allows projection of
the effects of a measure
to be taken
33
Pareto Diagram
Example

Assessment using Pareto Confirmation of Effect

diagram (prioritization) (Comparison)
To identify a course of
action to be emphasized Frequently used to check
using a variety of data. the effect of an
improvement.
Details of “ A”

Improved

7 Q C Tools 34
 % Complaints

0
5
10
15
20
25
30

7 Q C Tools
Loose
28

Threads

Incorrect
16
hemming

Stitching
12

flaws

Trim
12

Errors

Button
Pareto chart

problems

Color
4

mismatch
35

Material
3

flaws
7 Quality Tools
7 Q C Tools
Percent from each cause

10
20
30
40
50
60
70

0
Po
or
W De
ro s ig
ng
di n
(64)

m
De ens
fe io
ct n
(13)

ive s
M pa
ac r ts
hi
ne
(10)

ca
O l
pe ibra
ra ti o
to
(6)

r e ns
De rr o
fe rs
ct
(3)

iv e
Causes of poor quality Su m
r fa at
er
ce ia
ls
(2)

ab
ra
sio
ns
36
(2)
PARETO CHART
 7 QC – Pareto and Histogram
Pareto Chart Histogram
30.0%
40
Frequency of Failures

25.0%

Frequency
30
20.0% 20
15.0% 10
10.0% 0

7.5-7.9

9.0-9.4
6.0-6.4
6.5-6.9
7.0-7.4

8.0-8.4
8.5-8.9

9.5-9.9
10.0-10.4
10.5-10.9
11.0-11.4
11.5-11.9
5.0%
0.0%
Range of Temperature
Causes of Failures

1 MALFUNCTIONING OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES

2 LEAKAGE FROM MANIFOLD
3 MOTOR OVERLOAD AND FAILURE
4 FREQUENT CO2 PURGING FROM CC TANK.
5 PRESSURED COMBINER FAILURE

7 Q C Tools 37
Histogram
1. What is Histogram ?

When creating a histogram, “a range of data is divided into

smaller sections having a uniform span,and the number of data
contained in each section (the number of occurrences) is
counted to develop a frequency distribution table.” Then, “a
graph is formed from this table by using vertical bars, each
having the height proportional to the number of occurrences in
each section.”

7 Q C Tools 38
 Histogram

2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?

A histogram is mainly used to analyze a process by

examining the location of the mean value in the
graph or degree of variations, to find a problem point
that needs to be improved. Its other applications are
listed in the table below.

7 Q C Tools 39
Histogram
Method Usage Result
•Used to assess the actual
conditions. •Can identify the
Histogram •Used to analyze a process to location of the mean
Standard
Range identify a problem point that needs (central) value or
to be improved by finding the degree of variations.
location of the mean value or •Can find out the scope
degree of variations in the graph.
•Used to examine that the target of a defect by inserting
X Axis (Values
Actually quality is maintained throughout standard values.
Range of
Variations
Measured)
the process. •Can identify the
•Others condition of
[Used during phases to distribution (e.g.,
monitor the situation, analyze whether there is an
causes, and review isolated, extreme
effectiveness of an action.] value).

7 Q C Tools 40
 Histogram
25

20
Frequency

15

10

Category

7 Quality Tools
7 Q C Tools 41
 Histogram
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 1 2 6 13 10 16 19 17 12 16 20 17 13 5 6 2 1

7 Q C Tools 42
Cause & Effect Diagram
1. What is Cause & effect Diagram ?
A cause and effect diagram is “a fish-bone diagram that
presents a systematic representation of the relationship
between the effect (result) and affecting factors (causes).”
Solving a problem in a scientific manner requires
clarification of a cause and effect relationship, where the
effect (e.g., the result of work) varies according to factors
(e.g., facilities and machines used, method of work,
workers, and materials and parts used). To obtain a good
work result, we must identify the effects of various factors
and develop measures to improve the result accordingly.

7 Q C Tools 43
Cause & Effect Diagram
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?

A cause and effect diagram is mainly used to study

the cause of a certain matter. As mentioned above,
the use of a cause and effect diagram allows
clarification of causal relation for efficient problem
solving. It is also effective in assessing measures
developed and can be applied to other fields
according to your needs.

7 Q C Tools 44
 Cause and Effect Diagram (CED)
• Ishikawa or Fishbone diagram
• Relates causes to effects
• Benefits?
• Disadvantages?
• How?
• Start with effect and work back to
possible causes
7 Q C Tools
7 Q C Tools 46
 CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM

Materials Procedures

Quality
Problem

People Equipment

7 Q C Tools 47
 Fishbone Diagram
Measurementst Humans Machines

Faulty testing equipment Poor supervision Out of adjustment

Incorrect specifications Lack of concentration Tooling problems

Improper methods Inadequate training Old / worn

Quality
Inaccurate Problems
temperature Poor process
control Defective from vendor
design
Ineffective quality
Not to specifications management
Dust and
Dirt Material- Deficiencies
handling problems in product
design
Environments Materials Processes

7 Q C Tools 48
 Cause and effect diagrams
• Advantages
– making the diagram is educational in itself
– diagram demonstrates knowledge of problem
solving team
– diagram results in active searches for causes
– diagram is a guide for data collection

7 Q C Tools 49
 Cause and effect diagrams

To construct the skeleton, remember:

• For manufacturing - the 4 M’s
man, method, machine, material
• For service applications
equipment, policies, procedures, people

7 Q C Tools 50
 Cause and Effect Diagram
Group Exercise

• Effect = students late

• Causes =?

7 Q C Tools
 Cause and Effect Diagram -
Group Exercise
• Effect = Hotel restaurant is not busy
• Causes =?

7 Q C Tools
Cause & Effect Diagram
Method Usage Result
Can obtain a clear
Used when
overall picture of causal
Cause and Effect clarifying a cause relation. (A change in
Diagram
Machine Man
and effect the cause triggers a
relationship.[Used variation in the
Effect

during a phase to result.)○ Can clarify

analyze causes.] the cause and effect
Material Method
relationship.
Cause (4M’s) Result
(Controlled State)  Used to develop
Can list up all causes
countermeasures.
to identify important
causes.
[Used during a phase to plan
countermeasures.] Can determine the
direction of action
(countermeasure).

7 Q C Tools 53
Cause & Effect Diagram
Mechanism of Quality of
Copying Machine Copying Paper
Malfunction of
Running out
Smudges on the the roller
of stock

Many Copying Errors!

copied surface
Printing too Too thin
Internal devices not lightly
working smoothly Dampened
Folded

Deterioration of
Error in
performance due
Keyboard handling placement of Dirt on the
to high
error paper (setting glass
temperatures
its face up) surface
Error in selecting a
Dust
scale of reduction Error in Nicotine-
selecting stained
shading
User Surrounding
Environment

7 Q C Tools 54
Stratification
1. What is Stratification ?

Stratification means to “divide the whole into smaller portions

according to certain criteria.” In case of quality control,
stratification generally means to divide data into several groups
according to common factors or tendencies (e.g., type of defect
and cause of defect).
Dividing into groups “fosters understanding of a situation.” This
represents the basic principle of quality control.

7 Q C Tools 55
Stratification
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?
The “common and basic principle” of quality control is
stratification, i.e., to think a matter out by breaking it
into smaller portions. Stratification has a number of
useful purposes. The table below shows only a few
examples of these purposes.

7 Q C Tools 56
Stratification
Method Usage Result
Grouping by day, •Used to observe variations
•Allows observation
time, place, among strata.
worker, or •Used to identify the of variations among
process strata.
relationship between cause
•By performing a
Number of Units
and effect.
•Used to identify a purpose cause analysis using
X ★★★★★★★
the stratified data,
Y △△△△ and means to serve the
the following can be
purpose
Z ○○○
[Used during phases to monitor accomplished.
the situation, analyze causes, 1.Identification and control of a
review effectiveness of an action, problem
perform standardization, and 2.“Division of data (obtained by
implement a selected control using each QC tool) into several
measure.] groups”

7 Q C Tools 57
Stratification
Item Method of Stratification
Hour, a.m., p.m., immediately after start of work,
Elapse of time
shift, daytime, nighttime, day, week, month
Worker, age, male, female, years of experience,
Variations among workers
shift, team, newly employed, experienced worker
Processing method, work method, working
Variations among work
conditions (temperature, pressure, and speed),
methods
temperature
Variations among Measurement tool, person performing
measurement/inspection measurement, method of measurement, inspector,
methods sampling, place of inspection

7 Q C Tools 58
Scatter Diagram
1. What is Scatter Diagram ?

A scatter diagram is used to “examine the relationship between

the two, paired, interrelated data types, ” such as “height and
weight of a person.” A scatter diagram provides a means to
find whether or not these two data types are interrelated. It is
also utilized to determine how closely they are related to
identify a problem point that should be controlled or improved.

7 Q C Tools 59
 Scatter Diagram
• Scatter diagram is a graphical method to display the
relationship between two variables

• Scatter diagram plots pairs of bivariate observations (x,

y) on the X-Y plane

• Y is called the dependent variable

• X is called an independent variable

7 Q C Tools 60
Scatter Diagram
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?
The table on next slide shows some examples of
scatter diagram’s usage. If, for example, there is a
relationship where “an increase in the number of
rotations (x) causes an increase in abrasion (y),” there
exists “positive correlation.” If, on the other hand, the
existence of a relationship where “an increase in the
number of rotations (x) causes a decline in abrasion
(y)” indicates that there is “negative correlation.”

7 Q C Tools 61
Scatter Diagram
Method Usage Result
•Used to identify a relationship •Can identify cause
Scatter Diagram between two matters.
ｙ Axis
•Used to identify a relationship and effect relation.
Abrasion

between two matters and establish •Can understand the

countermeasures based on their
cause and effect relation. relationship
x Axis Example Usage between two
Number of
Rotations
1.Relationship between thermal results.
treatment temperature of a steel
material and its tensile strengths
2.Relationship between visit made
by a salesman and volume of sales
3.Relationship between the number
of persons visiting a department
store and volume of sales
4 Others
[Used during phases to monitor the
situation, analyze causes, and review
effectiveness of an action.]

7 Q C Tools 62
Scatter Diagram

ｙ Axis
Abrasion (micron)

x Axis
Number of
Rotations

7 Q C Tools 63
 Scatter Diagram

7 Q C Tools 64
 Example

• A researcher believes that there is a

linear relationship between BMI (Kg/m2)
of pregnant mothers and the birth-weight
(BW in Kg) of their newborn

• The following data set provide

information on 15 pregnant mothers who
were contacted for this study

7 Q C Tools 65
 BMI (Kg/m2) Birth-weight (Kg)
20 2.7
30 2.9
50 3.4
45 3.0
10 2.2
30 3.1
40 3.3
25 2.3
50 3.5
20 2.5
10 1.5
55 3.8
60 3.7
50 3.1
7 Q C Tools
35 2.8 66
 Scatter diagram of BMI and Birthweight

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

7 Q C Tools 67
 Scatter Diagrams
Slide 1 of 4

• Scatter Diagrams Defined

– Scatter Diagrams are used to study and identify
the possible relationship between the changes
observed in two different sets of variables.

7 Q C Tools 68
 Scatter Diagrams
Slide 2 of 4

• Constructing a Scatter Diagram

– First, collect two pieces of data and create a summary
table of the data.
– Draw a diagram labeling the horizontal and vertical
axes.
• It is common that the “cause” variable be labeled on the X axis and
the “effect” variable be labeled on the Y axis.
– Plot the data pairs on the diagram.
– Interpret the scatter diagram for direction and strength.

7 Q C Tools 69
 Scatter Diagrams
Slide 3 of 4

• An Example of When a Scatter Diagram

Can Be Used
– A scatter diagram can be used to identify the
relationship between the production speed of an
operation and the number of defective parts
made.

7 Q C Tools 70
 Scatter Diagrams
Slide 4 of 4

• An Example of When a Scatter Diagram Can Be Used

(cont.)
– Displaying the direction of the relationship will determine whether
increasing the assembly line speed will increase or decrease the
number of defective parts made. Also, the strength of the
relationship between the assembly line speed and the number of
defective parts produced is determined.

– Example obtained from: <http://www.sytsma.com/tqmtools/Scat.html>

7 Q C Tools 71
 Is there a linear relationship between
BMI and BW?
• Scatter diagrams are important for
initial exploration of the relationship
between two quantitative variables

• In the above example, we may wish to

summarize this relationship by a straight
line drawn through the scatter of points

7 Q C Tools 72
Control Chart (Control Chart / Graph 1)
1. What is Control Chart ?
A control chart is used to examine a process to see if
it is stable or to maintain the stability of a process.
This method is often used to analyze a process. To
do so, a chart is created from data collected for a
certain period of time, and dots plotted on the chart
are examined to see how they are distributed or if they
are within the established control limit. After some
actions are taken to control and standardize various
factors, this method is also used to examine if a
process is stabilized by these actions, and if so, to
keep the process in a stable state.
7 Q C Tools 73
Control Chart
2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?
There are two types of control charts: one used for
managerial purposes and the other for analytical
purposes. A control chart is used to identify dots that
are outside the control limit, which indicate some
anomalies in a process. In addition, seven
consecutive dots showing values that are below or
above the mean (central) value, or an increasing or a
decreasing trend represented by seven consecutive
dots also indicate “a problem in a process.”

We need to examine what has caused such a

tendency.
7 Q C Tools 74
Control Chart
Method Usage Result
Used to observe a Can identify a change
Control Chart
caused by elapse of
change caused by
time.
elapse of time.
Can judge the
[Used during phases to
process if it is in its
monitor the situation,
normal state or there
x-R Control Chart analyze causes, review
are some anomalies
effectiveness of an
by examining the dots
action, perform
plotted on the chart.
standardization, and
implement a selected In the example “x bar ” -R
control chart, “X bar”
control measure represents the central value,
while “R” indicates the range.
Control Chart for Managerial Purposes: Extends the line indicating the control limit used for analytical purposes
to plot data obtained daily to keep a process in a good state.
Control Chart for Analytical Purposes: Examines a process if it is in a controlled state by collecting data for a
certain period of time. If the process is not controlled, a survey is performed to identify its cause and develop
countermeasures.

7 Q C Tools 75
Control Chart
Examples of Values
Represented by Dots
Values above the
control limit
represented
seven by
seven
Consecutive dots

Control
x- Chart
A decline
represented
representedbyby
seven

consecutive dots

Group Number

7 Q C Tools 76
 27
Control Chart
24
UCL = 23.35
21
Number of defects

18 c = 12.67

15

12

6
LCL = 1.99
3

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
7 Q C Tools Sample number 77
Control Charts

7 Q C Tools 78
Graph
1. What is Graph ?

A graph is “a graphical representation of data, which allows a

person to understand the meaning of these data at a glance.”
Unprocessed data simply represent a list of numbers, and
finding certain tendencies or magnitude of situation from these
numbers is difficult, sometimes resulting in an interpretational
error. A graph is a effective means to monitor or judge the
situation, allowing quick and precise understanding of the
current or actual situation.
A graph is a visual and summarized representation of data that
need to be quickly and precisely conveyed to others.

7 Q C Tools 79
 Graph

2. When is it used and what results will be obtained?

A graph, although it is listed as one of the QC tools, is

commonly used in our daily life and is the most
familiar means of assessing a situation.
 

7 Q C Tools 80
Graph
Method Usage Result
120
Changes in a time-sequential Can observe changes in
100

80 order – line graph a time-sequential order,

60 East ratios, and amounts.
40

20 Amounts – bar graph, etc.

0 A graph is the most
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

Ratios – pie graph, band frequently used tool to

chart, etc. examine the various
4th Qtr
13%
1st Qtr
13% matters such as those
2nd Qtr
17%
(The items listed above are listed on the left.
representative examples.)
3rd Qtr
57%

7 Q C Tools 81
Graph
[ Bar Graph of Sales] [Band Chart of Expenses]
・ Survey Period: Dec. 1999
million) ( ¥ million)
・ Prepared by: M/T

million)

Before
Sales

Chemicals Oils Electricity

Taking
(430) (200) (170)
Actions
( Total: ¥ 8 million)

After Chemicals Oils

Taking (240) (150)
Actions
(TTotal:
otal: 4.95
¥ 4.95 million)
million)

Sales AIwate BTokyo COsaka DShizuoka Electricity

Office (108)

7 Q C Tools 82
 Application of QC tools in Problem Solving
Graphs Check Stratifi Pareto Cause & Histogra Scatter Control
sheet cation Diagra Effect m Diagram Chart
m Diagram
Identification of
problem
Defining the
problem
Record of facts

Detecting causes of
problem
Develop
Improvement
method
( Solution )
Implementation

Evaluation of result

Process control
( Standardization )

Relation :-
7 Q C Tools Strong Normal 83
To sum up 7 QC tools (Numerical data ) are used as follow:

• Stratification Basic processing performed when

collecting data
• Pareto Diagram To identify the current status and issues
• Cause and Effect Diagram
To identify the cause and effect relationship
• Histogram To see the distribution of data
• Scatter Diagram To identify the relationship between two
things
• Check Sheet To record data collection
• Control Chart/Graph To find anomalies and identify the current
status

7 Q C Tools 84
 New Seven QC Tools
1.AFFINITY DIAGRAM

2.INTER RELATIONSHIPS DIAGRAM

3.TREE DIAGRAM

4.MATRIX DIAGRAM

5.MATRIZ DATA ANALYSIS

6.ARROW DIAGRAM

7.PROCESS DECISION PROGRAM CHART

7 Q C Tools 85
Thank you

7 Q C Tools 86