Statistical Methods - MS5113 (02:20/20/60)

• Introduction to statistics
• Introduction to scale of measurements;
• Introduction to population; Sample and sampling methods;
• Graphical method of data presentation:
frequency distribution, histograms, stem and leaf plots, box plots;
• Numerical Method of data presentation:
measures of central tendency and dispersion;
• Sampling and distribution of sample mean;
• Principles of hypothesis testing;
• Estimation tests: t-test;
• introduction to analysis of variance;
• Introduction to principles of experimental designs;
• Introduction to conventional experimental designs.
PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
 Why Need Experimental Design?
The (statistical) design of experiments (DOE) is an efficient procedure for
planning experiments so that the data obtained can be analyzed to yield
valid and objective conclusions.

If appropriate experimental design is not adapted, valid conclusions can not

be made from such experimental results.

When designing experiments, some principles need to be followed and they

are called as principles of experimental design
Principles of experimental design
There are three basic principles
1. Replication
2. Randomization
3. Local control of error/ Blocking
1. Replication
 1. Replication
• Replication is applying same trt to more than one experimental unit
• It (replication) is important to estimate the experimental error
• Minimum of two replicates are required in an experiment
• By Increasing no.of replicate, the precision of experiment can be
increased i.e. variability can be reduced
• Required no. of replicate is decided by experimental conditions
e.g. -Homogeneity/ heterogeneity of experimental materials
-No. of treatment
-Degree of precision required
2. Randomization
 2. Randomization
• Randomization means randomly assigning each treatment
to experimental units
 2. Randomization
• Randomization is important for unbiased estimate of
experimental error
• It can be done –
Using random number table
Drawing chit out of hat
Using a computer software
T1 T3 T5 T4 T2

T5 T2 T3 T1 T4

T3 T2 T4 T5 T1

T4 T5 T1 T2 T3
3. Blocking/ Local control of error
3. Blocking/ Local control of error
• Used to control systematic experimental error by grouping
heterogenous experimental units
– E.g. Divide experimental unit into homogenous groups/(blocks)
and accommodate all treatment within a block to ensure all
treatment receive same conditions
moisture gradient
• Blocking help to reduce experimental error
This is the primary objective of blocking

• Blocking should be done perpendicular to gradient

 Blocking perpendicular to gradient

T1 T3 T5 T4 T2
moisture gradient

T5 T2 T3 T1 T4

T3 T2 T4 T5 T1

T4 T5 T1 T2 T3

Then blocking removes moisture effect, all treatment will appear in each

moisture level, hence a fair comparisons among treatments.

Experimental design
is a way of planning and conducting an
experiment to draw valid scientific conclusion

Treatments, experimental units, and assignment

method specify the experimental design
Conventional (commonly used) experimental
Designs
There are three commonly used experimental designs

1. Completely Randomized Design (CRD)

2. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) or Randomized
Block Design (RBD)
3. Latin Square Design
Completely Randomized Design
(CRD)
 1. CRD (Completely Randomized Design)
 Simplest type of Design
 Use in homogeneous situations
Ex : Laboratory experiments
Greenhouse experiments
Small field experiments
 Using in large field experiments are limited
 Allocate Treatment to exp. units by one randomization
 Can use any number of treatments (t) and any number of
replicates (r)
Steps in designing

• Decide number of treatment (t) and number of replicate (r) to

be used in the experiment
e.g. t=3, r=4
• Identify required number of plots
• Assign a number to each plot

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
10 11 12

• Assign a treatment to plots randomly to r number of plots

  T1 T2 T3
Linear Model
Linear model explain how each observation has made or contribution of r1 16 19 24
each component for the observation. The linear model of CRD design is r2 21 20 21
given as
r3 18 21 22
(epsinon ahy jey) r4 13 20 25
(wahy ahy jey)
(Mu)
(Tau ahy )

Where

= Grand mean
 T1 T2 T3
Steps in Analysis r1 16 19 24
  r2 21 20 21
Calculate following Sums of squares r3 18 21 22
r4 13 20 25
 Construct ANOVA Table as follows
Source of Degree of Sum of square(SS) Mean sum of F cal F
Variation freedom(df) square(MSS) tabl
e

Treatment t-1   SStrt/dftrt MSStrt/MSSres  

Error
Error df
df total-df   𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑆− SS /df      
total-df all oth. 𝑆𝑆− SSres
res/dfres
all oth. res
(Residual)
(Residual) 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑆
𝑆𝑆

 
Total
Total tr-1
tr-1      

Rejection Rule
If F_cal Value > F_table Value Reject H0
Example:
An experiment was conducted to evaluate 3 treatments (T1, T2 and T3) each with 2 replicates in
CRD design. The experimental layout and observation of each experimental unit are given below.
Conduct appropriate analysis to test whether there is a treatment effect.

2 5 2 2 4
T1 T2 T3
5 25
1 3 6
T3 T1 T2 2 4
1 1
Calculation of sums of squares
3 9
 
6 36

  19 2
¿ 79 − = 18.83
6
  𝑡 2 2 R1 R2
𝑌 𝑖 . 𝑌 ..
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑆=∑
𝑖=1 𝑟
−
𝑡𝑟 ( )
T1 2 3 5
  52 +112 +32 192
¿ ( 2
− ) ( )
6
T2 5 6 11

T3 2 1 3

  17.33
¿
 
Writing of Hypothesis

= = (All treatment means are the same)

for some and where (At least two treatment means are
different)
Construction of ANOVA Table
Source of Degree of Sum of Mean sum of F cal F table
Variation freedom(df) square(SS) square(MSS)

Treatment 3 -1 =2  17.33 8.665 17.33  0.014

Residual 5-2 =3  1.5 0.5    

Total 6-1=5  18.83    

Decision : p (0.014)< alpha value, so reject H0

Conclusion : At least one treatment is different from others

Advantages of CRD
 Completely flexible for number of treatments or
replications
 Missing observations are no problems
 Maximum error degrees of freedom of any design

Disadvantages of CRD
 Requires uniform experimental units
 All non – treatment variation is considered as “error”
Twelve infants are randomly assigned to three different diets.
The weight gain (in two weeks) is recorded. Test whether the
effects of diets are different