CHAPTER THREE

MOBILE DIGITAL
TELECOMMUNICATIONS

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 Introduction to cellular/mobile network
2

 A cellular network is a network distributed over wide areas called

cells, each cell served by at least one fixed-location transceiver known
as a cell site or base station.
 Cellular networks offer a number of advantages over alternative
solutions:
 Increased capacity
 Reduced power use
 Larger coverage area
 Reduced interference from other signals

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 Introduction to cellular/mobile network
3

 The cell phone communications industry has migrated along two

paths.
 The United States has generally progressed along the Code Division
Multiple Access (CDMA) path.
 Europe following the Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM) path.
 Both areas’ cellular growth has progressed from analog
communications to digital technologies.
 A geographic area is divided into cells; the adjacent cells always
operate on different frequencies to avoid interference; this is referred
to as frequency reuse.
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 Introduction to cellular/mobile network
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 The exact shapes of the cells

actually vary quite a bit due
to several factors, including:-
 Topography of the land,
 The anticipated number of
calls in a particular area,
 The number of man-made
objects (buildings in a
downtown area)
 The traffic patterns of the
mobile users. This maximizes
the number of mobile users.
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 Introduction to cellular/mobile network
Data Rates
5
2 Mbps

1 Mbps 3G
(144Kbps to 2Mbps)

100 Kbps
2.5G
(10-150Kbps)
10 Kbps
2G
(9.6Kbps)
1 Kbps
1G
(<1Kbps)

1980 1990 2000 2010

Years 07/03/2021
 Cellular Network Generations
6

1. 1G: First generation:

 first introduced in 1980s
 Its Speed was up to 2.4kbps
 It allows the voice calls in 1 country.
 use Analog Signal.
 AMPS was first launched in USA in 1G mobile systems.
 DRAWBACKS OF 1G
Poor Voice Quality No Security
Poor Battery Life Limited Capacity
Large Phone Size Poor Handoff Reliability
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 Cellular Network Generations
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2. 2G: Second generation

 based on GSM.
 It was launched in Finland in the year 1991.
 Its data speed was up to 64kbps.
 Digital transmission
 Primarily speech and low bit-rate data (9.6 Kbps)
 High-tier: GSM, CDMA, etc
 It enables services such as text messages, picture messages and MMS (multi media
message).
 It provides better quality and capacity.
 GSM (Time Division Multiple Access), CDMA, (Code Division Multiple Access).
 These systems are unable to handle complex data such as Videos.
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 Cellular Network Generations
8

3. 2.5 G
 between the 2G and 3G generation of mobile telephony.

 2.5G is sometimes described as 2G Cellular Technology combined

with General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).

 Features

 Phone Calls

 Send/Receive E-mail Messages

 Web Browsing

 Speed : 64-144 kbps

 Camera Phones

 Take a time of 6-9 mins. to download a 3 mins. Mp3 song

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 Cellular Network Generations
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4. 3G third generation
 introduced in year 2000s.
 Data Transmission speed increased from 144kbps- 2Mbps.
FEATURES
 Providing Faster Communication
 Send/Receive Large Email Messages
 High Speed Web / More Security Video Conferencing / 3D Gaming
 TV Streaming/ Mobile TV/ Phone Calls
 Large Capacities and Broadband Capabilities
 11 sec – 1.5 min. time to download a 3 min Mp3 song.
Drawback: Expensive, High Bandwidth Requirement
 07/03/2021
It was challenge to build the infrastructure, Large Cell Phones
 Cellular Network Generations
10

5. 4G Forth generation
 High-speed data access
 High quality streaming video
 Combination of wi-fi and wi-max
 Capable of providing 100Mbps – 1Gbps speed.
 One of the basic terms used to describe 4G is MAGIC.
 MAGIC:
o Mobile Multimedia
o Anytime Anywhere
o Global Mobility Support
o Integrated Wireless Solution
o Customized Personal Services 07/03/2021
 Cellular Network Generations
11
COMPARISON BETWEEN 3G Vs 4G
5. 4G Forth generation
Technology 3G 4G
 Features Include:
 More Security Data Transfer 100
3.1 MB/sec
Rate MB/sec
 High Speed
 High Capacity Ultra
Internet Services Broadband
Broadband
 Low Cost Per-bit etc. Mobile - TV
Low High
 DRAWBACKS Resolution

 Battery uses is more Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100MHz

 Hard to implement
Frequency 1.6-2 GHz 2-8 GHz
 Need complicated hardware
 Expensive equipment Download and
5.8 Mbps 14 Mbps
upload 07/03/2021
 Cellular Network Generations
12

5. 5G fifth generation

 Was started from late 2010s.

 Complete wireless communication with almost no limitations.
 It is highly supportable to WWWW (Wireless World Wide Web).
 Support interactive multimedia , voice, streaming07/03/2021
video, Internet
 COMPARISON OF 1G TO 5G
TECHNOLOGIES
13

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 Global System for Mobile Communications
14

 GSM is an international standard for voice and data transmission

over a wireless phone.
 A user can place an identification card called SIM in the wireless
device, and the device will take on the personal configurations and
information of that user:
 Telephone number
 Home system, and
 Billing information.
 The architecture used by GSM consists of three main components: a
mobile station, a base station subsystem, and a network subsystem.

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 The Mobile Station
15

 Has two components:

 mobile equipment and a SIM.
 mobile equipment is the GSM wireless device.
 The base station subsystem
 has two components: the base transceiver station and the base
station controller.
 The base transceiver station contains the necessary components that
define a cell and the protocols associated with the communication to
the mobile units
 The base station controller is the part of the base station subsystem
that manages resources for the transceiver units
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 General Packet Radio Service
16

 called GSM-IP, sits on top of the GSM networking architecture

offering speeds between 56 and 170 Kbps.
 It offers the transport of information across the mobile telephone
network.
 GPRS is based on Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication
and as such will augment existing services such as circuit-switched
wireless phone connections and the Short Message Service (SMS).

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 Mobile phone features
17

 The features of mobile phones are the set of capabilities, services and
applications that they offer to their users
 The common components found on all phones are:
 A battery
 An input mechanism to allow the user to interact with the phone (keypad,
touch screens)
 Basic mobile phone services to allow users to make calls and send text
messages.
 All GSM phones use a SIM card to allow an account to be swapped among
devices.
 Individual GSM, WCDMA, iDEN and some satellite phone devices are
uniquely identified by an International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
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number.
 Mobile phone features
18

 All mobile phones are designed to work on cellular networks and

contain a standard set of services that allow phones of different types
and in different countries to communicate with each other
 The first SMS text message was sent from a computer to a mobile
phone in 1992 in the UK
 first person-to-person SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland
in 1993.

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 Subscriber identity module (SIM)
19

 A subscriber identity module or subscriber identification module

(SIM) is an integrated circuit that securely stores the International
Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and the related key used to
identify and authenticate subscribers on mobile telephony devices
(such as mobile phones and computers).
 A SIM is embedded into a removable SIM card, which can be
transferred between different mobile devices.
 SIM cards were first made the same size as a credit card (85.60 mm
× 53.98 mm × 0.76 mm).

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 …SIM
20

A SIM card contains

 its unique serial number (ICCID),
 internationally unique number of the mobile user (IMSI),
 security authentication and ciphering information,
 temporary information related to the local network,
 a list of the services the user has access to and
 Two passwords: a personal identification number (PIN) for ordinary
use and a personal unblocking code (PUK) for PIN unlocking.

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 …SIM
21

 SIM operating systems come in two main types: native and Java Card.
 Native SIMs are based on proprietary, vendor-specific software
 whereas the Java Card SIMs are based on standards, particularly Java
Card, which is a subset of the Java programming language specifically
targeted at embedded devices

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 Data stored in SIM card
22

 SIM cards store network-specific information used to authenticate and identify

subscribers on the network.
 the ICCID

 IMSI

 Authentication Key (Ki)

 Local Area Identity (LAI) and

 Operator-Specific Emergency Number

 Can also stores other carrier-specific data such as

 The SMSC (Short Message Service Center) number

 Service Provider Name (SPN)

 Service Dialing Numbers (SDN)

 Advice-Of-Charge parameters and Value Added Service (VAS) applications.

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 Data stored in SIM card
23

 SIM cards are two capacity types:

 32kb and 64kb.

 Both allow a maximum of 250 contacts to be stored on the SIM, but

while the 32kb has room for 33 mobile network codes (MNCs) or
"network identifiers", the 64kb version has room for 80 MNCs.
 This is used by network operators to store information on preferred
networks.

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 ICCID
24

 Each SIM is internationally identified by its integrated circuit card identifier

(ICCID)
 The number is composed of the following subparts:
 Issuer identification number (IIN):- Maximum of seven digits:
 Major industry identifier (MII), 2 fixed digits

 Country code, 1-3 digits, as defined by ITU-T recommendation.

 Issuer identifier, 1-4 digits.

 Individual account identification: - Individual account identification number

 International mobile subscriber identity (IMSI):
 Authentication key (Ki):- a 128-bit value used in authenticating the SIMs on
the mobile network
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 Location area identity
 ELEMENTS OF A CELLULAR
NETWORK
25

 General system architecture of a cellular network is introduced

 Mobile Station (MS) : This is basically the mobile phone

 Base Station (BS): The covered area of a cellular network

 Mobile Switching Centre (MSC): This controls a number of cells

 National Carrier Exchange: This is the gateway to the national fixed

public switched telephone network (PSTN).

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26

Thank you
???07/03/2021