JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY   DIVISION

MULTIPLEXING(OFDM)

Submitted By
RIA TRIPATHI
ME – 8th SEM
(1709140113)
CONTENT
Abstract
Introduction
What is OFDM?
Importance of orthogonality
Block diagram of OFDM system
Operation
Addition of cyclic prefix
Advantages & Disadvantages(Cyclic Prefix)
Why OFDM?
Advantages
Disadvantages
Applications
Conclusion
ABSTRACT
OFDM modulation is being used more and more in
telecommunication, wired & wireless. The
advantages of this modulation are the reason for it’s
increasing usage. It can be implemented easily. It’s
spectral efficient & provide high data rate. The
purpose of this Simulation of OFDM is to see and
demonstrate the basic concept and feasibility of the
system.
INTRODUCTION
Multicarrier modulation, MCM is a technique for
transmitting data by sending the data over multiple
carriers which are normally close spaced.
Multicarrier modulation has several advantages
including resilience to interference, resilience to
narrow band fading and multipath effects.
OFDM is a special case of multi-carrier modulation
scheme to solve all the above given issues.
What is OFDM?
 Orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing (OFDM) is a method of
digital signal modulation in which single
data stream is split across several
separate narrowband channels at
different frequencies to reduce
interference and crosstalks. 
 The data is first split into independent
streams, which modulate different sub-
carriers and then are multiplexed to
create the OFDM signal.
 It doesn’t require guard bands.
 The main key to OFDM is maintaining the
orthogonality.
 The peak of each signal coincides with the
trough of the other signal.
Importance of Orthogonality
In OFDM, the subcarrier
frequencies are chosen so that
the subcarriers are orthogonal to
each other, meaning that cross-
talk between the sub-channels is
eliminated and inter-carrier
guard bands are not required.
This greatly simplifies the design
of both the transmitter and the
receiver; unlike conventional
FDM, a separate filter for each
sub-channel is not required.
Block Diagram of OFDM
Operation:
Addition of Cyclic Prefix
The basic concept behind the
OFDM cyclic prefix is:
 The cyclic prefix provides a guard
interval to eliminate intersymbol
interference from the previous symbol.
 It repeats the end of the symbol so the
linear convolution of a frequency-
selective multipath channel can be
modelled as circular convolution,
which in turn may transform to the
frequency domain via a discrete
Fourier transform. This approach
accommodates simple frequency
domain processing, such as channel
estimation and equalization.
 Advantages & Disadvantages
( Cyclic Prefix)
There are several advantages and disadvantages attached to the use for the
cyclic prefix within OFDM:

Advantages:
Provides robustness:   The addition of the cyclic prefix adds robustness to the
OFDM signal. The data that is retransmitted can be used if required.
Reduces inter-symbol interference:   The guard interval introduced by the cyclic
prefix enables the effects of inter-symbol interference to be reduced.

Disadvantages:
Reduces data capacity:   As the cyclic prefix re-transmits data that is already
being transmitted, it takes up system capacity and reduces the overall data rate.
Why OFDM?
Traditionally, frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
has used conventional filtering to separate subcarriers
at the receiver. This approach required the insertion of
significant guard bands between the subcarriers.
Making the subcarriers mathematically orthogonal
was a breakthrough for OFDM because it enables
OFDM receivers to separate the subcarriers.
 OFDM subcarriers can overlap to make full use of the
spectrum making it spectral efficient.
ADVANTAGES
Immunity to selective fading
Resilience to interference
Spectrum efficiency
Resilient to ISI & ICI using cyclic prefix
High transmission rate
DISADVANATGES
High peak to average power ratio:
OFDM signal has a noise like amplitude variation and has a
relatively high large dynamic range, or peak to average
power ratio. This impacts the RF amplifier efficiency.

Sensitive to frequency synchronization problems:

It will lead to loss of orthogonality and cause interference.
Applications of OFDM
 OFDM technique is the most prominent technique of this era .Some of its
applications is given below.
 DAB: DAB - OFDM forms the basis for the Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)
standard in the European market. Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) using
OFDM has been standardized in Europe and is the next step in evolution
beyond FM radio broadcasting providing interference free transmission.
 Wireless LAN Networks
 IEEE 802.11g
 IMT Advanced the standard for 4G uses OFDM as one of the strongest way
for achieving data rates of upto 1Gbps for low mobile applications and
100Mbps for highly mobile applications.
CONCLUSION

In the present and in the upcoming years it will be the base
technology for most telecommunication applications.
It is the technology that deals better with typical wireless
communication channels, while it has the highest data transmission
rates.
Added to this, its easy extension to MIMO systems currently allows
4G networks to considerably increase their transmission capacity .
In a not too distant future, by using massive MIMO and mm-wave
technology, OFDM-based systems will probably reach transmission
rates many orders of magnitude greater than the ones obtained in
nowadays technologies.
THANK YOU