1. The document summarizes the anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, staging, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of the large intestine and colorectal cancer.
2. Key points include that the large intestine extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus and has distinct layers in its wall. Colorectal cancer most commonly presents after age 50 and symptoms vary depending on tumor location.
3. Staging is based on tumor invasion depth, lymph node involvement, and presence of metastases, and is important for determining prognosis and treatment. Surgery is the main treatment, and chemotherapy may be given post-operatively to reduce cancer recurrence.
1. The document summarizes the anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, staging, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of the large intestine and colorectal cancer.
2. Key points include that the large intestine extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus and has distinct layers in its wall. Colorectal cancer most commonly presents after age 50 and symptoms vary depending on tumor location.
3. Staging is based on tumor invasion depth, lymph node involvement, and presence of metastases, and is important for determining prognosis and treatment. Surgery is the main treatment, and chemotherapy may be given post-operatively to reduce cancer recurrence.
1. The document summarizes the anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, staging, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of the large intestine and colorectal cancer.
2. Key points include that the large intestine extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus and has distinct layers in its wall. Colorectal cancer most commonly presents after age 50 and symptoms vary depending on tumor location.
3. Staging is based on tumor invasion depth, lymph node involvement, and presence of metastases, and is important for determining prognosis and treatment. Surgery is the main treatment, and chemotherapy may be given post-operatively to reduce cancer recurrence.
1. The document summarizes the anatomy, blood supply, lymphatic drainage, staging, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of the large intestine and colorectal cancer.
2. Key points include that the large intestine extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus and has distinct layers in its wall. Colorectal cancer most commonly presents after age 50 and symptoms vary depending on tumor location.
3. Staging is based on tumor invasion depth, lymph node involvement, and presence of metastases, and is important for determining prognosis and treatment. Surgery is the main treatment, and chemotherapy may be given post-operatively to reduce cancer recurrence.
• Divided anatomically & functionally into colon, rectum & anus • The wall comprises 5 distinct layers-mucosa submucosa, inner circular m.outer longitudinal m. & serosa • Outer longitudinal m.separeted into 3 teniae coli • The caecum is the widest & thinnest –vulnerable to perforation • Mid gut- SI, ascending colon & proximal transverse colon—blood supply by SMA • Hind gut- distal transverse colon, descending ,rectum & proximal anus –blood supply by IMA Colon vascular supply • SMA. –branches into – Ileocolic a. which supply the terminal ileum & proximal ascending colon – Rt.colic a. supplies the ascending colon – Middle colic a. supplies the transverse colon • IMA--Lt.colic a. ,several sigmoidal a.& sup. Rectal a. Colon lymphatic drainage • Originate in a net work of lymphatics in the muscularis mucosa • LV & LN follow the regional arteries • LN can be classified as – .epi colic- on the bowel wall .para colic – adj. to arterial arcades .intermediate –named mesentric V. .main – at the origin of SMA & IMA SENTINEL LN –the 1st 1-4 LNS to drain the specific segment of the colon Colorectal Carcinoma • Most common abdominal visceral malignancy women- second to breast ca men -third, Lung, prostate • Sex -both sexes are affected rectal ca- men colonic -women • Usually after sixth decade _ Not strictly disease of old age _ 10% occur before 40 years _Familial and hereditary type-third decade • Relatively un common in Africa&Asia More common in Urban setup. Distribution of CRC Etiology( Risk factors) • Environmental Factor – Diet :High fiber diet with low fat diet is said to be more protective than fat free diet – Minor diet-Selenium, Vit A, Vit E , Caroteinoids they decrease the free oxygen radicals at the mucosal surface and decrease the risk of ca – Other carcinogens Alcohol, Bile acid, Ionizing radiation • Age –more than 50 years • Pre malignant condition Ulcerative colitis Crohn’s disease FAP HNPCC Previous hx of colonic polyp • Family Hx of colorectal ca/polyp • Long term immune suppression-small cell ca Pathology and Path physiology • Predominantly –mucosal adenocarcinoma -Connective tissue sarcoma -Carcinoid tumor -Lymphoma -M.melanoma • Histologically- well ,moderately& poorly differentiated • Grossly –Annular _circumferential…left • -Polyploidy ……right • -ulcerative Adenocarcinoma Spread • Arises in the colonic mucosa ` then invades the muscularis mucosa…lymphatics in the submucosa … regional LN….LN along the segmental arterial supply and venous drainage • Direct spread to adjacent structures (bladder, ovaries,vagina) • Transcelomic spread…cul de sac, blummer’s shelf • Hematogenous spread…from the submucosal vein … portal vein…liver systemic vein….lung ,brain ,adrenal gland, kidneys. Hematogenous spread is generally associated with poor prognosis. Staging ….. • Duke's staging – Duke`sA - tumor confined to bowel wall(T1-3) – Duke`sB- tumor involving or through serosa,not extending to LN(T4) – Duke`sC –Lymph node involved – Duke's D –Distant metastasis TNM Staging System • T1 - tumor invading the submucosa • T2- tumor invading muscularis propria • T3-tumor invades through muscularis propria in to the serosa or nonperitonized pericolic or perirectal tissue • T4-tumor out side the serosa.
• N1 -1-3 pericolic or perirectal LN
• N2 ->4 pericolic or perirectal LN • N3 -metastasis in any LN along the named vascular trunk Staging ….. • Mo –no distant metastasis • M1 _distant metastasis
• Stage I –T1/No/Mo or T2/No/Mo
• Stage II –T3/No/Mo or T4/No/Mo • Stage III _Any T/N1/Mo or Any T/N2 orN3/Mo • Stage IV _Any T/Any N/M1
• This provides more detailed pathologic information, and can
be converted easily to the simpler Duke’s system. – Stage I -----Duke’s A – Stage II.----Duke’s B – Stage III----Duke’s C – Stage IV---Duke’s D Prognosis • Staging is most important for prognosis. • Stage I disease has 95-100% five years survival • Stage II---40-60% five years survival • LN involvement ---30% • Liver involvement ---5-10% 85% die within 1 year. • Age -Those which occur <40 years have bad prognosis • Poor histologic differentiation Excessive mucin producing tumor Signet ring cell tumor • Venous or perineural invasion • Bowel perforation • Elevated CEA Signs and Symptoms • Has wide range of clinical presentation. • Depends on the location of tumor • 20% of the ca occur in the ceacum and Rt side of colon • 70% occur distal to splenic flexure • -_45% occur at or below the rectosigmoid level • Change of bowel habit • Abdominal pain • Rectal bleeding • Iron deficiency anemia Sub acute presentations • Rt side Usually silent, don't cause change in bowel habit except those large mucin producing tumor ,which may produce diarrhea. • Acute appendicitis in elderly • Ileal obstruction • Signs of Anemia ,fatigue ,palpitation • intermittent • Weight lose, Fever of unknown origin • As lead point for intussusception in adult. Left side colonic ca • Lower abdominal pain---relieved by bowel motion • Change of bowel habit • Passage of mucus • Tenesmus • Abdominal/ rectal pain • ↓the caliber of stool • Pass bright red blood per rectum • Mass in the left iliac fossa • Ascites. Jaundice,peruritis or chest x-ray picture of lung lesion Acute presentation • Significant proportion of pt
• Obstruction • Perforation
• Obstruction—complete obstruction occurs in 10% of
pts but it is real emergency • If the obstruction is not relieved it leads to perforation ---fecal peritonitis and sepsis • Perforation can occur at site of tumor • Some times it perforates to adjacent structures like bladder,vagina or small bowel • If it perforate posteriorly psoas abscess. Diagnosis and Evaluation of Colorectal ca • Hx and P/E are important tool for Dx. • PDE • Definitive Dx is usually made by • flexible sigmoidoscope 60-75% • colonoscopy 100% • Important for Biopsy and to estimate distance • Barium enema .synchronous lesions 3-5% • Other tests are important to evaluate the extent of the disease and to search for metastasis. Routine investigations • Hct • Chest x-ray • U/S • CT scan of the abdomen to assess the extent of primary tumor and to search for metastasis to intra abdominal organ. • LFT Late event • CEA -if the tumor does not penetrate the bowel wall its level does not raise -it is non specific lung ca,breast ca, pancreas and stomach ca., Smokers, Cirrhosis, pancreatits and renal failure. - high correlation with tumor metastasis and recurrence • Transanal US to assess depth of rectal ca • Imaging of the upper Urinary tract---IVP Treatment Principle Preoperative pt preparation • Psychological preparation for possibility of colostomy & site of colostomy Rx complications…Impotency • Bowel preparation it decrease risk of wound infection and intraabdomenal abscess. by mechanical cleansing and antibiotics(E coli and B fragilis) • Heparin The definitive management is surgery • Adjuvant Chemotherapy – Colorectal ca is said to be resistant to Chemotherapy. – It is effective only,Post operatively when the tumor burden is small – 5 FU and Levamisole or – 5 FU and Leucovorin – Decreases cancer recurrence by 39% and cancer related death by 32%