Computer Literacy

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Lecture 3
Internet and World Wide Web

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 Topics
Internet basics

Internet data

Internet service providers

Web browsers

Internet search methods

URLs

Hyperlinks

Search engines and subject directories

Internet capabilities
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Internet
What is internet?
• A communication network that is itself a connection of
many other networks.

• A Network can consist of two or more computers

connected together by a medium such that they are able to
share resources or information.

• Resources include files, Printers, Hard-drives among

others.
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 The Web vs. The Internet

The World Wide Web (The Web) is only a portion of what

makes up the internet, but it is the fastest growing part of the

internet.

The Web lets people, organizations and companies publish

information for other people to see. 

This makes the Web a very useful tool for finding

information on just about any topic.

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 The Web vs. The Internet

 The World Wide Web (WWW): Is a collection of internet

resources such as;
 Hyperlinked text,
 audio, and video files,
 File transfer protocol (FTP),
 and remote sites that can be accessed and searched by
browsers based on standards such as Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) and Transmission Control
5 Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
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 The Web vs. The Internet

 On the other hand,

 Internet is

 Massive network of networks.

 Use various protocols such as

 SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

 FTP:File Transfer Protocol

 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol)

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 TCP/IP
TCP/IP : is the basic communication protocol of the Internet. It is
used as a communication protocol in a private network (either an
intranet or an extranet).

TCP/IP is a two-layer program.

 The higher layer (TCP), manages the assembling of a message or
file into smaller packets that are transmitted over the Internet and
received by a TCP layer that reassembles the packets into the original
message.

 The lower layer (IP), handles the address part of each packet
so that it gets to the right destination. Each gateway computer
on the network checks this address to see where to forward the
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message.
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 FTP and HTTP
FTP: is a standard network protocol used to transfer files
from one host to another host over TCP-based network,
such as the Internet.

OR FTP is a protocol through which internet users can

upload files from their computers to a website or
download files from a website to their PCs.

HTTP : is an application protocol for distributed,

collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is
the foundation of data communication for WWW.
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 Client and Server
Client computer:
Users connect to the Internet
Request data and Web pages

Server computers
Store Web pages and data
Return the requested data to the client
Server

Client

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IP address
Internet Protocol (IP) address: uniquely identifies a
computer on the network.

It is a 32-bit binary number that is divided into 4 groups of

8 bits known as octets.

131.123.35.4. IP address can be either Dynamic/static

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 Internet Protocol Address (IP address)
Like every home in the real world has his own address,
every computer in the Internet has it's own address - an IP
address

An IP address is 32 bits wide and by convention, it is

expressed as four decimal numbers separated by periods,
such as “131.123.35.4” representing the decimal value of
each of the four bytes

IP address can be either Dynamic/static

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 Internet Service Provider
 ISP (Internet service provider )
◦ Internet service provider is a company that provides the
connections and support to access the internet.
◦ ISP can be National, regional or local companies

Choosing an ISP - Factors to consider:

Cost, Internet upgrades, Bandwidth and network capacity of
ISP, Customer service, Reliability(How long has it been in
business and how many satisfied clients do they have? ),
Local access numbers,
E-mail options (Do you need more than one E-mail
account?),Trial period
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 Navigating the Web: Web Browsers
Computer software
Graphical
Enables Web navigation
Popular browsers:
Internet Explorer
Netscape Navigator
Mozilla firefox

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 Browser Toolbars

Stop and or
Favorites
Back/Forward
Search
Print
Address
Home bar
Reload/Refresh
Bookmark

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Getting Around the Web

Web sites

URLs

Hyperlinks

Favorites and Bookmarks

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 Web Sites
Web site:
Collection of related Web pages
First page known as Home or Index page

Home page
Web page:
HTML document
Text and graphics
Unique address
Hyperlinks

Related
pages
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 URL
Uniform Resource Locator

Unique Web page address

Each webpage location has its own address.

The Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the documents

Unique address on the WWW

Each URL has several parts which can be demonstrated

using the address:

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 URL
Url

Protocol Domain name Path identifies the

identifies contains the subdirectories
the means of host and top- within the Web
access level domain site

http:// www.nytimes.com/ Pages/cartoons/

• The part www.nytimes.com represents the Host name.

URL
• Pages/cartoons is the Path name to the object cartoons.
Objects can be Images, audio files, html files etc
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Example 2: Web address cont’d…
http://www.google.com/services/index.htm

http: This part of the address lets you know what protocol to use.

In the above address for example, we are using http which is

hypertext transfer protocol.

www: This indicates that the Web page you are looking at is part of

the World Wide Web.  Many Web sites do not use www but are still
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the Web. 
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 Web address cont’d…
Google.com: this part of the address specifies the domain
name or the IP address or where the resource is located.

The domain name also often indicates what the site is

about, for example www.dog.com is a Web site about
dogs.

/services/: The "/" symbol indicates you have moved into

a specific directory in the Web sites.  Directories are like
the folders on your computer and help to organize Web
pages in a Web sites.
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 Web address cont’d…
index.htm: A word with ".htm" or "html" following it
indicates the name of the specific page in the Web site you
are looking at.

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 URL Continued
 Domains are groups of Computers on the same network and are a method to
isolate communications between the members in the domain and the other data
traffic.

.aero Members of the air transport industry

.biz Businesses
.com Can be used by anyone
.coop Cooperative associations
.edu Degree granting institutions
.gov United States government
.info Information service providers
.mil United States military
.museum Museums
.name Individuals
.net Networking organizations
.org Organizations (often nonprofits)
.pro Credentialed
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professionals
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Hyperlinks
Provide access to other Web pages
Specially coded text or graphics
Cursor becomes a hand with finger pointing upward

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 Favorites and Bookmarks
List created of favorite Web pages
Easy method of returning to Web pages
Internet Explorer uses Favorites
Netscape uses Bookmarks

Netscape Internet
Navigator Explorer

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 Search Engines
 Searches for keywords
 Returns a list of Web pages
 Popular search engines:
 Google
 Alltheweb
 Dogpile
 Indexer
 Spider
 Search engine Software
 www.metasearch.com

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 Subject Directories
 Web pages organized by topics and subtopics
 Popular subject directories:
 Yahoo
 Looksmart
 MSN

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Internet search methods
Search methods are used by search tools to increase
the effectiveness and efficiency of Internet searches.

Search methods:
Keyword
Field
Boolean
Miscellaneous

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Keyword Search
Keying a main idea, phrase, or concept (called a search
string) in the search box with or without quotation marks.

Unique terms or phrases

Synonyms or word variations
“to be or not to be” will return results only of entire phrase
Use quotation marks to identify a phrase

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 Field

Field – The search is conducted for a specific title, domain,

URL, or host.
Useful for drilling down and focusing on specific content.
Allows the user to adjust the breadth and depth of a search.

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 Boolean Logic

A method used to refine a search with the use of

operators with keywords:
AND, OR
+ and – symbols
Place symbol immediately before keyword
Star Wars +I =Star Wars episode I

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 Search Methods – Boolean cont’d
Vacation Paris OR London
OR broadens a search by including results that match
either of the words

Vacation Paris AND France

AND narrows a search by combining terms

Note: Boolean operators are often implied in a search and

therefore not required by the user; however, sometimes
they are very helpful in narrowing the search results.
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 Miscellaneous such methods
Different Language Support searches for words in
different languages.

Spell Checker gives suggestions if the word keyed for

the search is spelled incorrectly.

Phonebook uses phone numbers to search for locations

and addresses Math/equivalents solves basic math
problems and converts equivalents

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 Your time is valuable

Search engines have become

an important part of the
online experience of Internet
users.

Learn to use advanced search

features.

Get better results in less time.

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 Evaluating Web Sites

Who is the author of the article or Web site sponsor?

What audience is the site geared toward?

Is the site biased?

Is the information current?

Are links available

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 Capabilities of the Internet
Three Main Functions
Communicate

Retrieve

Shop, Buy, and Sell

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 Capabilities of the Internet
Communications Capabilities

E-mail or Electronic Mail: A service that transports text

messages from a sender to one or more receivers via
computer.

Primary means of communication

E-mail accounts
Client-based
Web-based
Spam
Prevention

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 What is spam?
Spam also known as junk e-mail refers to unsolicited message
received in your inbox.

 Junk e‑mail might include advertisements, fraudulent schemes,

pornography, flyers, advertisements and catalogs or legitimate
offers. Because it's very inexpensive for marketers to send junk
e‑mail, it's not uncommon for people to receive a large amount
of it.

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 Avoiding spam
 Don’t volunteer to receive email
 Don’t give email to anyone unless you know them
 Don’t publish email on website
 Keep multiple email addresses
 Don’t respond to unsolicited email
 Never ask to be removed from a spammer’s list
 Never buy anything from spammer
 Using a second email when posting newsgroups
 Use spam filter
 etc

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 Capabilities of the Internet
Communications Capabilities
Mailing Lists: Each mailing list has subscribers who receive
messages as part of an ongoing discussion of the list’s topic.

Moderated: A mailing list in which the messages are first

screened by an individual to determine their suitability given the
purpose of the list.

Newsgroups: Worldwide discussion areas where notices can

be posted for anyone to view.

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 Capabilities of the Internet
Communications Capabilities
 Usenet or User’s Network: A system of worldwide discussion
groups, not an actual physical network.

 Netiquette: A list of simple newsgroup guidelines that keep

people from making mistakes.

 Chat Session or Internet Relay Chat (IRC): A live interactive

discussion in which parties on the network exchange ideas and
observation electronically.

Portal: A gateway or hub site, such as Yahoo!, that provides

chat rooms
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 Capabilities of the Internet
Communications Capabilities (Continued)
 Instant Messages: A combination of real-time chat and e-mail by
which short text messages are rapidly exchanged over the Internet,
with messages appearing on recipient’s display screen
immediately upon arrival.

 Internet Telephony or Voice Over the Internet or Voice over

IP: Real-time voice conversations transmitted between computers
on the Internet.

 Telnet: A network capability that permits remote sign-on to any

computer on the Internet from the computer an individual is using
at that time.

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Reality check
 A discussion about internet’s communication can be confusing;
some features overlap or at least sound similar. However, there are
important differences for the users.

 Email is delivered to tour mailbox automatically and the messages

wait there until you are ready to read them. With e-mail, you have
very little control over what you receive. People who have your
email address can send you whatever they wish.

 A mail list will also deliver messages that appear automatically in

your electronic mail-box, but this service is selective. You have to
subscribe to a mailing list to get the messages.

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Reality check cont’d
 Newsgroups and chat sessions are services that do not deliver
messages to tour mailbox. Instead, you must sign on to Usenet
groups and chat sessions each time; then you can receive and send
messages on the display screen of your computer while you are
using it.

 Usenet newsgroups are bulletin boards; you access, review, and

contribute information. Chat sessions, on the other hand, are like
conversations; they are live, interactive discussions.

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 Capabilities of the Internet
Retrieval Capabilities
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files
containing documents or software between computers on the
Internet.

 Web Directory: A listing of Web sites and their URLs,

categorized by topic.
Keyword: A string of letters or words that indicates the subject
to be searched.

 Search Engines: Software programs that look through the Web

to locate sites matching a keyword entered by the user.

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 Capabilities of the Internet
Retrieval Capabilities (Continued)
 Portal: A gateway or hub on the Internet from which other sites can
be visited.

Vertical Portal or Vortal: A Web site that specializes in providing

information related to a particular industry such as automobiles,
healthcare, or investments.

Horizontal Portal: Provides services and links to Web sites of

interest to a wide variety of users.

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 Capabilities of the Internet
Retrieval Capabilities (Continued)
 Webcasting: The prearranged delivery, or push, of information of
interest to a user’s desktop automatically.

Pull: To get something from a Web site by clicking on a link or

entering a URL.

Push: The capability of a Web site for automatic Internet delivery of

information, including software updates, to a user’s desktop.

Channel: A Web site designed to push information to a user’s

desktop.

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Capabilities of the Internet
Shop, Buy, and Sell
Electronic Commerce/e-commerce: Conducting
commercial activities on the Internet.

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 Cookies
Text files stored on client computers when visiting Web sites
Used on return visits to Web sites
Unique ID number
Personal information remembered
Privacy risk
Selling information

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Web Entertainment
Multimedia:
Involves forms of media and text graphics, Audio, and
Video.
Streaming audio and video
Plug-in
Games

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What is a plug-in?
A plug-in is a set of software components that adds
specific abilities to a larger software application.

If supported, plug-ins enable customizing the

functionality of an application. Additional plug-ins can
be downloaded from the Internet.

To add a plug-in, you must be logged on as an

administrator.

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Popular plug-ins

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 Review Questions
1. Why is Internet referred to as a network of networks?
2. What is the origin of the Internet?
3. How does data travel on the Internet?
4. Differentiate between a static and dynamic IP address
5. What are my options for connecting to the Internet?
6. How do I choose an Internet service provider?
7. What is a Web browser?
8. What is a URL and what are its parts?
9. How can I use hyperlinks and other tools to get around the Web
10. Discuss internet crimes that are commonly committed by users
over the internet and how they can be solved.
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