CS 2073

Computer Programming w/Eng.

Applications
Ch 3
Control Structures and Data Files

Turgay Korkmaz
Office: SB 4.01.13
Phone: (210) 458-7346
Fax: (210) 458-4437
e-mail: korkmaz@cs.utsa.edu
web: www.cs.utsa.edu/~korkmaz

1
 Name Addr Content

Lecture++;
Lecture 7

2
3.1 Algorithm Development
 So far, we considered very simple programs
(read, compute, print)
 Top-down Design
 Start from the big picture
 Use a process called divide-and-conquer
 Keep dividing the problem until steps are detailed
enough to convert to a program
 Refinement with Pseudo-code (English like
statements) and Flowchart (diagram, graph)

3
Pseudo-code Notation and
Flowchart Symbols

4
Structured Programming
Use simple control structures to organize the
solution to a problem
 Sequence
no yes

 Selection

no
 Repetition yes

5
Sequence

6
Selection

7
Repetition

8
Extras
 Evaluation of alternative solution
 A problem can be solved in many different ways
 Which is the best (e.g, faster, less memory req)
 Error condition
 Do not trust user! Check the data. A=b/c;
 Be clear about specifications
 Generation of Test Data
 Test each of the error conditions
 Program validation and verification
 Program walkthrough

9
3.2 Conditional Expressions
 Selection and repetition structures use
conditions, so we will first discuss them
 A condition is an expression (e.g., x= a > b)
that can be evaluated to be
 TRUE (any value > 0) or
 FALSE (value of 0)
 Conditional Expression is composed of
expressions combined with relational and/or
logical operators

10
 Relational Operators
 == equality (x == 3)
 != non equality (y != 0)
 < less than (x < y)
 > greater than (y > 10)
 <= less than equal to (x <= 0)
 >= greater than equal to (x >= y)

!!! a==b vs. a=b !!!

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 4 A
Examples 2 B
-0.01 denum
 A<B
? D
 fabs(denum) < 0.0001 6 b
 D = b > c; 4 c
 if (D) 2 X

A=b+c; 1 Y

10 K
 Mixing with arithmetic op
 X+Y >= K/3
12
 Logical Operators
 ! not !(x==0)
 && and (x>=0) && (x<=10)
 || or (x>0) || (x<0)
A B A && B A || B !A !B
False False False False True True
False True False True True False
True False False True False True
True True True True False False
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 Examples
 A<B && C>=5
4 A
 A+B * 2 < 5 && 4>=A/2 B
2
 A<B || C<B && A-2 < 10 6 C
 A < B < C ????
 A<B<C is not the same as
 (A<B) && (B<C)

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Precedence for Arithmetic,
Relational, and Logical Operators

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Exercise
 Assume that following variables are declared
a = 5.5 b = 1.5 k = -3
 Are the following true or false
a < 10.0 + k
a + b >= 6.5
k != a-b
!(a == 3*b)
a<10 && a>5
fabs(k)>3 || k<b-a

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 Exercise: Logical Circuit
y1 = x1 && x2;
x1 y1
AND y2 = x3 || x4;
x2 z1
OR y3 = !x5;
x3 y2 z1 = y1 || y2;
OR
x4 z2 = y2 && y3
AND z2 Without using y1, y2, y3
y3
x5 NOT z1 = x1 && x2 || (x3 || x4);
z2 = (x3 || x4) && !x5;
Write a program that reads x1, x2, x3, x4, x5 and computes/prints z1, z2 17
 Exercise
a

b
C
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 Name Addr Content

Lecture++;
Lecture 8

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3.3 Selection Statements

 if
 if else
 switch

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if statement
 if(Boolean expression)
statement; /* single statement */

 if(Boolean expression) {
/* more than one statement */
statement1;
…
statement n;
}
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if statement - examples
if (x > 0)
k++; Name Addr Content
x 9
if(x > 0) { y 5
y = sqrt(x); k 4

k++;
}

if(x > 0) /* a common mistake */

y = sqrt(x);
k++;
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if else statement

 if(Boolean expression)
statement;
else
statement;

 if(Boolean expression) {
statement block
} else {
statement block
}
23
 if else statement
 What does the following program do?
 Assume that x, y, temp are declared.
Name Addr Content
if (x > y) x 9
y 5
temp = x; temp ?

else if (x > y){

temp = x;
temp = y;
} else {
temp = y;
} 24
 Exercise
 Write an if-else statement to find both the maximum
and minimum of two numbers.
 Assume that x, y, min, max are declared.

if (x > y) {
Name Addr Content
max = x;
min = y;
x 9 9 3 3 6 6
} else {
y 5 5 8 8 6 6
max = y; max ? 9 9 8 8 6
min = x; min ? 5 5 3 3 6
}

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if else statement
Split the following statement into two separate if
statements

if (x > y) if (x > y)
temp = x; temp = x;
else
temp = y; if (x <= y)
temp = y;

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 Flow chart for previous slide
if (x > y)
if (x > y) T
temp = x; x>y
temp = x;
else
temp=x
temp = y; if (x <= y)
temp = y;
T
x>y
T
x <= y

temp=y temp=x temp=y

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 nested if-else
if(x > y) { F T
x>y
if(y < z) {
k++; T
F y<z
}else
else { j++

m++;
else } m++ k++

} else {j++;
j++;
}
28
 Exercise
int x=9, y=7, z=2, k=0, m=0, j=0; F T
x>y
if(x > y)
if(y < z)
T
k++; F y<z
j++
else
m++;
else k++
m++
j++;

What are the values of j, k and m?

29
 Exercise: Find the value of a
T
a>0
int a = 750;
if (a>0) T
a >= 1000
if (a >= 1000)
a = 0;
else a =a+3 T
a < 500
if (a <500) a=0
a =a*2;
else a =a*10 a =a*2
a =a*10;
else
a =a+3;
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 Exercise: Find the value of a
int a = 750;
if (a>0) { a>0
T
if (a >= 1000) {
a = 0;
T
} else { a >= 1000

if (a <500) {
a =a*2; a =a+3 T
a < 500
} else { a=0
a =a*10;
} a =a*10 a=a*2
}
} else {
a =a*3;
} 31
 Indentation
int a = 750; int a = 750;
if (a>0) if (a>0)
if (a >= 1000) if (a >= 1000)
a = 0; a = 0;
else else
if (a <500) if (a <500)
Good a=a*2; a=a*2;
else else
a=a*10; a=a*10; Not good
else else
a =a+3; a = a+3;
32
Indentation (cont’d)
 What is the output of the following programs
int a = 5, b = 3;
if (a>10) if (a>10) {
a = 50; a = 50;
b = 20; Not good b = 20;
}
printf(" a = %d, b = %d\n",a, b); printf(" a = %d, b = %d\n",a, b);

if (a>10) if (a>10) {
a = 50; a = 50;
b = 20; Good b = 20;
}
printf(" a = %d, b = %d\n",a, b); printf(" a = %d, b = %d\n",a, b);

33
 Exercise: Region in a plane
 Write a program that reads a point
(x, y) from user and prints its region
For example
Region 2 Region 1 Enter x y: 3 -1
This point is in Region 4
Region 3 Region 4

Enter x y: -1 -5
This point is in region 3
Enter x y: 0 5 ???????
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 Name Addr Content

Lecture++;
Lecture 9

35
Switch Statement
switch(expression) {
case constant:
statement(s);
break;
case constant:
statement(s);
break;
default: /* default is optional */
statement(s);
}
36
 Switch Statement
 Expression must be of type integer or character
 The keyword case must be followed by a constant
 break statement is required unless you want all subsequent
statements to be executed.
switch (op_code) {
case ‘N’:
printf(“Normal\n”);
break;
case ‘M’:
printf(“Maintenance Needed\n”);
break;
default:
printf(“Error\n”);
break;
} 37
 Exercise
 Convert the switch statement into if statement.

switch (op_code) {
case ‘N’: if (op_code == ‘N’)
printf(“Normal\n”); printf(“Normal\n”);
break; else if (op_code == ‘M’)
case ‘M’: printf(“Maintenance Needed\n”);
printf(“Maintenance Needed\n”); else
break; printf(“Error\n”);
default:
printf(“Error\n”);
break;
}

38
 Exercise
Convert the following nested if/else statements to a
switch statement switch(rank) {
case 1:
if (rank==1 || rank==2)
printf("Lower division \n"); case 2:
else printf("Lower division \n");
{ break;
if (rank==3 || rank==4) case 3:
printf("Upper division \n");
else case 4:
  { printf("Upper division \n");
 if (rank==5) break;
printf("Graduate student \n"); case 5:
else
printf("Invalid rank \n"); printf("Graduate student \n");
} break;
} default:
printf("Invalid rank \n");
} 39
More selection examples

40
 Write if-else statement
T
score > 70

You fail You pass

T T
age > 18 age > 18

Excellent Good job

Don’t worry Very bad
job

Good luck next time

41
if (score > 70) {
printf(“You Pass\n”);
if (age > 18) {
printf(“Good job \n”);
} else {
printf(“Excellent job\n”);
}
} else {
printf(“You Fail\n”);
if (age > 18) {
printf(“ Very bad \n”);
} else {
printf(“ Don’t worry \n”);
}
printf(“ Good luck next time \n”);
}
42
 get b, c from user
a=b+c

F T
a <= 10 and b-c > 6

Print “RIGTH”, a, b, c
c != b T b= 5 + c * 2

Print “LEFT-RIGTH”, a, b, c T
F F a*b<=12
c= 5 + c * 2

Print “RIGTH-LEFT”, a, b, c
Print “LEFT-LEFT”, a, b, c a= 10 - c * c
b= a * -c

c = a+b
Print “FINAL”, a, b, c

Print “RIGHT”, a, b, c means

printf(“RIGHT a=%lf b=%lf c=%lf \n”,a, b, c);
43
a=b+c;
if (a<=10 && b-c>6) {
printf("RIGHT a=%lf b=%lf c=%lf \n", a, b, c);
b=5+c*2;
if (a*b<=12) {
} else {
printf("RIGHT-LEFT a=%lf b=%lf c=%lf \n",a, b, c);
a=10-c*c;
}
} else {
if (c != b) {
printf("LEFT-RIGHT a=%lf b=%lf c=%lf \n",a, b, c);
c=5+c*2;
}
printf("LEFT-LEFT a=%lf b=%lf c=%lf \n",a, b, c);
b=a*-c;
}
c=a+b;
printf("Final a=%lf b=%lf c=%lf \n",a, b, c);
44
 Exercise: which task takes
more time
 Suppose we have two tasks A and B
 A takes Ah hours, Am minutes, and As seconds
 B takes Bh hours, Bm minutes, and Bs seconds
 User enters Ah Am As Bh Bm Bs
 Write if-else statements to print out which
task takes more time?

45
Max, Min, Median
 Write a program that reads 3 numbers a, b and c
from user and computes minimum, median and
maximum of the numbers.

 Example:
 a = 2, b = 5, c = 3
 minimum = 2, maximum = 5, median = 3
 a = 2, b = 2, c = 3
 minimum = 2, maximum = 3, median = 2

46
 Another if-else  flowchart
if( A > 8) { T

A=b+c; A>8

if(A < 4) A=b-c A=b+c

B=b*c;
if(A > 8) T
T A<4
B=b/c; A<5

} else { B=b%c B=b+c

B=b*c

A=b-c;
if(A < 5) T
A>8
B=b+c; A=B

else B=b/c

B=b%c;
A=B;
47
}
Exercise: Assign Letter Grade
 Given a score and the following grading scale write a
program to find the corresponding grade.

90-100 A
80-89 B
70-79 C
60-69 D
0-59 F

48
Solution-1
if ((score >= 90) && (score <=100))
grade = 'A';
else if ((score >= 80) && (score <= 89))
grade = 'B';
else if ((score >= 70) && (score <= 79))
grade = 'C';
else if ((score >= 60) && (score <= 69))
grade = ‘D';
else if ((score >= 0) && (score <= 59))
grade = ‘F';
else
printf("Invalide Score\n");

49
 Solution-2
if ((score >= 0) && (score <= 100))
if (score >= 90)
grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60)
grade = ‘D';
else
grade = ‘F';
else
printf("Invalide Score\n");

50
Triangle inequality
 Suppose we want to check if we can
make a triangle using a, b, c

|a-b| <= c |a-c| <= b |b-c| <= a

a+b >= c a+c >= b b+c >= a
c a

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Charge for money transfer
 Suppose you transfer $N and bank’s
charge occurs as follows.
 $10 if N  $500
$10  2% of N if 500  N  1000
cos t  
$15  0.1% of N if 1000  N  10000
 $30 Otherwise
 Write a program that reads N and
computes cost
52
 Compute Queuing Delay
 Write C program that computes and
prints out average delay in a queuing
system, where the average delay is
given as follows
  2
  (1    ) if 0    1
2 2
AvgDelay  1   2(1   )
  if   1

53
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* Declare variables. If needed, you can declare more*/
double rho, mu, sigma, AvgDelay;

printf("Enter rho(utilization), mu(service time) and "

"sigma (standard deviation of service time) : ");
scanf("%lf %lf %lf", &rho, &mu, &sigma);
/* Compute and print the average delay using rho, mu, sigma */

if( rho > 0 && rho < 1) {

AvgDelay = (rho / (1 - rho)) –
rho*rho / (2 * (1-rho)) *
(1-mu*mu*sigma*sigma);
printf("AvgDelay = %lf \n", AvgDelay);
} else if (rho >=1){
printf("AvgDelay is infinity \n");
} else
printf("rho cannot be negative \n");
system("pause");
/* Exit program. */
return 0;
54
}
Spell out a number in text
using if-else and switch
 Write a program that reads a number
between 1 and 999 from user and spells
out it in English.
For example:
 453  Four hundred fifty three
 37  Thirty seven
 204  Two hundred four
55
 Name Addr Content

Lecture++;
Lecture 10

56
Loop (Repetition) Structures

60
Problem: Conversion table
degrees  radians
Degrees to Radians
0 0.000000
10 0.174533
20 0.349066
30 0.523599
…
340 5.934120
350 6.108653
radians = degrees * PI / 180;
360 6.283186

61
 #include <stdio.h>
Sequential #define PI 3.141593
int main(void)
Solution {
int degrees=0;
double radians;
printf("Degrees to Radians \n");

degrees = 0;
radians = degrees*PI/180;
printf("%6i %9.6f \n", degrees, radians);
degrees = ???
radians = degrees*PI/180; degrees = 10;
printf("%6i %9.6f \n", degrees, radians); radians = degrees*PI/180;
printf("%6i %9.6f \n", degrees, radians);
degrees = 20;
radians = degrees*PI/180;
printf("%6i %9.6f \n", degrees, radians);
…
Not a good solution degrees = 360;
radians = degrees*PI/180;
printf("%6i %9.6f \n", degrees, radians);
} 62
 Loop
Solution
#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.141593
int main(void)
{
int degrees=0;
double radians;
printf("Degrees to Radians \n");

while (degrees <= 360) {

degrees = ???
radians = degrees*PI/180; radians = degrees*PI/180;
printf("%6i %9.6f \n", degrees, radians); printf("%6i %9.6f \n", degrees, radians);
degrees += 10;
}
} degrees+=10
means
degrees= degrees+10 63
Loop (Repetition) Structures
 while statement
 do while statement
 for statement
 Two new statements used with loops
 break and continue

64
while statement
 while(expression)
statement;

 while(expression) {
statement;
statement;
…
}

65
Example
#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.141593

int main(void)
{
int degrees=0;
double radians;

printf("Degrees to Radians \n");

while (degrees <= 360)
{
radians = degrees*PI/180;
printf("%6i %9.6f \n", degrees, radians);
degrees += 10;
}
return 0;
}
66
do while
 do
statement;
while(expression);
 do {
statement1;
statement2;
...
} while(expression);
 note - the expression is tested after the statement(s)
are executed, so statements are executed at least
once.
67
Example
#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.141593

int main(void)
{
int degrees=0;
double radians;

printf("Degrees to Radians \n");

do
{
radians = degrees*PI/180;
printf("%6i %9.6f \n",degrees,radians);
degrees += 10;
} while (degrees <= 360);
return 0;
}
68
for statement
 for(initialization ; test ; increment or decrement )
statement;

 for(initialization ; test ; increment or decrement )

{
statement;
statement;
…
}

69
Example
#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.141593

int main(void)
{
int degrees;
double radians;

printf("Degrees to Radians \n");

for (degrees=0; degrees<=360; degrees+=10)
{
radians = degrees*PI/180;
printf("%6i %9.6f \n", degrees, radians);
}
return 0;
}
70
for statement

initialize
test
Increment or
decrement

true
statement(s)
statement(s)

71
 Examples
int sum =0, i;
for( i=1 ; i < 7;i=i+2 ){ ?135 7 i
sum = sum+i;
} 0 1 4 sum
9
int fact=1, n;
for( n=5 ; n>1 ; n--){
fact = fact * n;
} 5
n
n--; means n=n-1; 1 fact
n++; means n=n+1;
72
 Exercise
Determine the number of times that each of the following
for loops are executed.

for (k=3; k<=10; k++) {

statements;
}
 final  initial 
for (k=3; k<=10; ++k) {  increment   1
statements;  
}

for (count=-2; count<=5; count++) {

statements;
}

73
 Example
 What will be the output of the following program, also show
how values of variables change in the memory.
int sum1, sum2, k;
sum1 = 0; 0 2 6 sum1

sum2 = 0;
for( k = 1; k < 5; k++) { 0 1 4 sum2

if( k % 2 == 0)
sum1 =sum1 + k; 1 2 3 4 5 k
else
sum2 = sum2 + k;
}
printf(“sum1 is %d\n”, sum1); sum1 is 6
printf(“sum2 is %d\n”, sum2); sum2 is 4

74
 For vs. while loop
Convert the following for loop to while loop

for( i=5; i<10; i++) {

pritntf(“ i = %d \n”, i);
}

i=5;
while(i<10){
pritntf(“ i = %d \n”, i);
i++;
}

75
break statement
 break;
 terminates loop
 execution continues with the first statement following the
loop

sum = 0; sum = 0;
k=1;
for (k=1; k<=5; k++) { while (k<=5) {
scanf(“%lf”,&x); scanf(“%lf”,&x);
if (x > 10.0) if (x > 10.0)
break; break;
sum +=x;
sum +=x; k++;
} }
printf(“Sum = %f \n”,sum); printf(“Sum = %f \n”,sum);

76
continue statement
 continue;
 forces next iteration of the loop, skipping

any remaining statements in the loop

sum = 0;
sum = 0; k=1;
sum = 0;
while
k=1; (k<=5) {
for (k=1; k<=5; k++) { scanf(“%lf”,&x);
while (k<=5) {
scanf(“%lf”,&x); if scanf(“%lf”,&x);
(x > 10.0){
if (x > 10.0) k++;
if (x > 10.0)
continue; continue;
continue;
}sum +=x;
sum +=x; sum
k++;+=x;
} } k++;
printf(“Sum = %f \n”,sum); }printf(“Sum = %f \n”,sum);
printf(“Sum = %f \n”,sum);
77
 Example: what will be the
output
int main()
{ a = 5 b = 5 c = 10
int a, b, c; a = 5 b = 6 c = 11
a=5; a = 4 b = 4 c = 8
while(a > 2) { a = 4 b = 5 c = 9
for (b = a ; b < 2 * a ; b++ ) { a = 4 b = 6 c = 10
c = a + b; a = 4 b = 7 c = 11
if (c < 8) continue; a = 3 b = 5 c = 8
if (c > 11) break;
printf( “a = %d b = %d c = %d \n”, a, b, c);
} /* end of for-loop */
a--;
} /* end of while loop */
}

78
Example: A man walks
 Suppose a man (say, A) stands N
at (0, 0) and waits for user to
give him the direction and
distance to go.
 User may enter N E W S for
E
north, east, west, south, and W
any value for distance.
 When user enters 0 as
direction, stop and print out
S
the location where the man
stopped

79
float x=0, y=0;
char direction;
float distance;
while (1) {
printf("Please input the direction as N,S,E,W (0 to exit): ");
scanf("%c", &direction); fflush(stdin);
if (direction=='0'){ /*stop input, get out of the loop */
break;
}
if (direction!='N' && direction!='S' && direction!='E' && direction!='W') {
printf("Invalid direction, re-enter \n");
continue;
}
printf("Please input the mile in %c direction: ", direction);
scanf ("%f", &distance); fflush(stdin);
if (direction == 'N'){ /*in north, compute the y*/
y = y + distance;
} else if (direction == 'E'){ /*in east, compute the x*/
x = x + distance;
} else if (direction == 'W'){ /*in west, compute the x*/
x= x - distance;
} else if (direction == 'S'){ /*in south, compute the y*/
y = y- distance;
}
}
printf("\nCurrent position of A: (%4.2f, %4.2f)\n", x, y); /* output A's location */ 80
 Name Addr Content

Lecture++;
Lecture 13

81
More loop examples

82
 Exercise
 What is the output of the
following program? Output

for (i=1; i<=5; i++) { ****

for (j=1; j<=4; j++){ ****
****
printf(“*”); ****
****
}
printf(“\n”);
}

83
 Exercise
 What is the output of the
following program? Output

for (i=1; i<=5; i++) { *

**
for (j=1; j<=i; j++){ ***
printf(“*”); ****
} *****
printf(“\n”);
}

84
 Example: nested loops to
generate the following output
What/how
int i, j; do you need to
change in
for(i=1; th following
i <= 5; i++){
i=1 * program?
printf("i=%d ", i);
for(j=1; j <= i; j++) {
i=2 ++ for if
(i=1; i<=5; i++) {
(i % 2 == 0)
for (j=1; j<=i;
printf("+ "); j++){
i=3 *** else printf(“*”);
} printf("* ");
i=4 ++++ }printf(“\n”);
} printf("\n");
i=5 ***** }

85
 Exercise: Modify the following
program to produce the output.

for (i=A; i<=B; i++) { Output

for (j=C; j<=D; j++) {
*****
printf(“*”); ****
***
} **
printf(“\n”); *

86
 Exercise
 Write a program using loop statements to
produce the following output.

Output

*
**
***
****
*****

87
Example
 Write a program that prints in two columns n even
numbers starting from 2, and a running sum of
those values. For example suppose user enters 5 for
n, then the program should generate the following
table:
Enter n (the number of even numbers): 5
Value Sum
2 2
4 6
6 12
8 20
10 30

88
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* Declare variables. */
int n;
int sum, i;

printf("Enter n ");
scanf("%d",&n);

printf("Value \t Sum\n");
sum = 0;
for(i=1; i <=n; i++){
sum = sum + 2*i;
printf("%d \t %d\n", 2*i, sum);
}
return 0;
} 89
Compute xy when y is integer
 Suppose we don’t have pow(x,y) and y
is integer, write a loop to compute xy
printf(“Enter x, y :”);
scanf(“%d %d”, &x, &y);
res=1;
for(i=1; i<=y; i++){
res = res * x;
} 90
 Exercise: sum
 Write a program to compute the following
n

i
i 1
 1  2  3  ...  n total  2  4  6  ...  2n

Enter n Enter n

total=0; total=0;

for(i=1; i<=n; i++) for(i=1; i<=n; i++)

total = total + i ; total = total + 2 * i ;

print total print total

91
 Exercise: sum
 Write a program to compute the following
m

 x i

i 0
 x 0
 x1
 x 2
 x 3
 x 4
   x m

Enter x and m
Enter x and m total=0; sofarx=1;
for(i=0; i<=m; i++) {
total=0;
total = total +sofarx;
for(i=0; i<=m; i++)
sofarx = sofarx * x;
total = total + pow(x, i); }
print total print total 92
 Exercise: ln 2
 Write a program to compute the following
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ln 2          
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n
Enter n
ln2=0;
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)
if ( i % 2 == 0)
ln2 = ln2 - 1.0 / i;
else
ln2 = ln2 + 1.0 / i;
print total 93
Exercise: ex
 Write C program that reads the value of x and n from
the keyboard and then approximately computes the
value of ex using the following formula:

2 3 n
x x x x
e  1 
x
 
1! 2! 3! n!
 Then compare your approximate result to the one
returned by exp(x) in C library, and print out whether
your approximation is higher or lower.
94
int i, n;
double x, ex;
double powx, fact;
printf("Enter the value of x and n : ");
scanf("%lf %d",&x, &n);
/* Write a loop to compute e^x using the above formula */
ex=1.0; fact=1.0; powx=1.0;
for(i=1; i<=n; i++){
powx = powx * x;
fact = fact * i;
ex = ex + powx / fact;
}
printf("Approx value of e^x is %lf when n=%d\n",ex, n);
/* Check if ex is higher/lower than exp(x) in math lib.*/
if(ex < exp(x))
printf("ex est is lower than exp(x)=%lf\n",exp(x));
else if (ex > exp(x))
printf("ex est is higher than exp(x)=%lf\n",exp(x));
else
printf("ex est is the same as exp(x)\n"); 95
 Exercise: sin x
 Compute sin x using
3 5 7 2 n 1
x x x x x
sin x        (1) n

1! 3! 5! 7! (2n  1)!
printf(“Enter x n :”); scanf(“%lf %d”, &x, &n);
total=0; powx=x; factx=1;
for(i=0; i <= n; i++){
k= 2*n+1;
if (i%2==0) total= total - powx/factx;
else total= total + powx/factx;
powx= powx * x * x;
factx = factx * k * (k-1);
}
printf( “sin(%lf) is %lf\n”,x, total);
96
 For vs. while loop : Convert the
following for loop to while loop
for( i=5; i<10; i++) {
printf(“AAA %d \n”, i);
if (i % 2==0) continue;
pritntf(“BBB %d \n”, i);
} i=5;
while(i<10) {
printf(“AAA %d \n”, i);
if (i % 2==0) {
i++;
continue;
}
pritntf(“BBB %d \n”, i);
i++;
97
}
Skip
 Study Section 3.5 from the textbook

98
 Name Addr Content

Lecture++;
Lecture 14

99
3.6 Data Files
 So far, we used scanf and printf to
enter data by hand and print data on
the screen
 What if we have 1000 data points to
enter? Can we still enter them by hand?
 What if the output has several lines and
we want to store the output results or
use them with other programs?

100
Read Access to Data Files

101
 Read Access to Data Files
 #include <stdio.h>
 File pointer must be defined in C program
FILE *sf;
 File pointer must be associated with a specific file using the
fopen function
 If the program and data file are in the same directory
sf = fopen(“sensor1.dat”, “r”);
 Else give the full path

sf = fopen(“C:\turgay\H\Teaching\15b-FALL07-cs2073\prog\sensor1.dat”, “r”);

102
Read from Data Files
Input file - use fscanf instead of scanf
#include <stdio.h>
FILE *sf;
double t, motion;
sf = fopen(“sensor1.dat”, “r”);
while( ???? ){
fscanf( sf , “%lf %lf” , &t, &motion);
} 2 3 4 t

4.4 3.5 6.3 motion

sf
103
 Create New Data Files
Write Access to Data Files
 #include <stdio.h>
 File pointer must be defined in C program
FILE *bf;
 File pointer must be associated with a specific file using the
fopen function
 If the program and data file are in the same directory
bf = fopen(“balloon.dat”, “w”);
 Else give the full path

bf = fopen(“C:\turgay\H\Teaching\15b-FALL07-cs2073\prog\balloon.dat”, “w”);

104
 Write to Data Files
Output file - use fprintf instead of printf
#include <stdio.h>
FILE *bf;
double time=6.5, height=5.3;
bf = fopen(“balloon.dat”, “w”);
fprintf( bf , “t: %f h: %f\n”, time, height);

6.5 7.1 8.3 time

5.3 8.3 3.7 height t: 6.500000 h: 5.300000

t: 7.100000 h: 8.300000
bf t: 8.300000 h: 3.700000 105
At the end, Use fclose
fclose(sf); fclose(bf);

106
Example
 Read 6 values from a file named
my_data.txt and write their average
into another file named avg-of-6.txt

65 4

4 avg-of-6.txt
program
234
5
my_data.txt
107
Example: average grade
 Suppose we keep the id and three HW grades
of 36 students in a file named grades.txt
 Write a program to compute average grade
for each student and write each students avg
into another file named avg-hw.txt
1 5 10 15 1 10
2 20
2 10 20 30 program …
… 36 10

36 4 6 20 avg-hw.txt

grades.txt 108
 Name Addr Content

Lecture++;
Lecture 15

109
Reading Data Files
When to stop
 Counter controlled loop
 First line in file contains count
 Use for loop
 Trailer signal or Sentinel signal
 Data ends when a special data value is seen -999
 Use while loop
 End of file controlled loop
 When file is created EOF is inserted
 Use while loop
 feof(fileptr) > 0 when EOF reached
 fscanf cannot read as many values as you wanted

110
 Check what
fopen, fscanf, fprintf return
FILE *fp;
fp=fopen(“data.txt”, “r”);
if (fp==NULL){ if (fp=fopen(“data.txt”, “r”)) == NULL){
printf(“Program cannot open the file\n”);
return -1;
}

N=fscanf(fp, “%d %d %d”, &v1, &v2, &v3);

/* N is the number of values read successfully */

while(fscanf(fp, “%d %d %d”, &v1, &v2, &v3) == 3) {

/* process v1 v2 v3 */
}
111
 Counter controlled loop
Usually first line in file contains the count

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
FILE *scorefile;
int score, count, i, sum=0; 6
if((scorefile = fopen("scores2.txt","r")) == NULL) ){
56
printf(“Program cannot open the file\n”); 78
exit(-1); 93
} 24
fscanf(scorefile,"%d", &count); 85
for (i=1; i<=count; i++) { 63
fscanf(scorefile,"%d", &score);
sum = sum + score; scores2.txt
}
printf(“Average score %lf \n",(double)sum/count);
fclose(scorefile);
return(0);
}
112
 Trailer signal or Sentinel signal
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
FILE *scorefile;
int score, count=0, i, sum=0; 56
78
if((scorefile = fopen("scores3.txt","r")) == NULL) ){ 93
printf(“Program cannot open the file\n”); 24
exit(-1);
85
}
fscanf(scorefile,"%d", &score); 63
while(score >= 0) { -999
count++; scores3.txt
sum = sum + score;
fscanf(scorefile,"%d", &score);
}
printf(“Average score %lf \n",(double)sum/count);
fclose(scorefile);
return(0); 113
}
 End of file controlled loop
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
FILE *scorefile;
int score, count=0, i, sum=0;

if((scorefile = fopen("scores4.txt","r")) == NULL) ){ 56

printf(“Program cannot open the file\n”); 78
exit(-1); 93
} 24
while (fscanf(scorefile,"%d",&score) == 1) { 85
count++; 63
sum = sum + score;
} scores4.txt
printf(“Average score %lf \n",(double)sum/count);
fclose(scorefile);
return(0); while (feof(scorefile) <= 0) {
fscanf(scorefile,"%d",&score);
}
count++;
sum = sum + score;
} 114
Exercise
 In previous three programs, we found
average.
 Suppose, we want to also know how
many data points are greater than
average.
 Change one of the previous programs
to determine the number of data points
that are greater than average.

115
 Exercise
 Given a file of integers. Write a program that finds the minimum
number in another file.

 Algorithm to find minimum in a file: File

open file
set minimum to a large value 56
while (there are items to read) 78
read next number x from file 93
if (x < min) 24
85
min = x
63
display the minimum
close file
Solution available on the next page

116
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
FILE *scorefile;
int score;
int min;
scorefile = fopen("scores.txt","r");
if (scorefile == NULL)
printf("Error opening input file\n");
else
{
min = 110;
while (feof(scorefile) <= 0) {
fscanf(scorefile,"%d",&score);
if (score < min)
min = score;
}
}
printf("Min = %d\n",min);
fclose(scorefile);
system("pause");
return(0);
} 117
 Exercise
 Given a file of integers. Write a program that searches for
whether a number appears in the file or not.

 // algorithm to check for y in a file File

open file
set found to false 56
while (there are items to read and found is false) 78
read next number x from file 93
if (x equals y) 24
85
set found to true
63
Display found message to user
Display not found message to user
close file
Solution available on the next page
118
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
FILE *scorefile;
int score, num, found;
printf("Please Enter a number\n");
scanf("%d", &num);
scorefile = fopen("scores.txt","r");
if (scorefile == NULL)
printf("Error opening input file\n");
else{
found = 0;
while ((feof(scorefile) <= 0) && (found == 0)) {
fscanf(scorefile,"%d",&score);
if (score == num)
found = 1;
}
if (found == 0)
printf("%d does not appear in the file\n",num);
else
printf("%d appears in the file\n",num);
}
fclose(scorefile);
system("pause"); 119
Exercise
 Change the previous program to count
how many times the given number
appears in the file?

Instead of fount =1; put fount++;

120
 Read/Write Example
 Suppose we have a data file that contains worker ID, the number of
days that a worker worked, and the number of hours the worker
worked each day.
 We would like to find out how much to pay for each worker. To
compute this, find the total number of hours for each worker and
multiply it by 7 dollar/hour.
 For instance, your program should process the following input.txt and
generate the corresponding output.txt as follows:
Id numofD hour1 hour2 hour3 Id total-hour
1 payment2 3 8 1 11 77
2 3 5 7 6 progra 2 18 126
3 1 2 m 3 2 14
4 2 5 1 4 6 42
5 3 1 3 2 5 6 42
input.txt output.txt

121
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *infp, *outfp;
int ID, numofD, hour, i, total_hour;
if ((infp = fopen("input.txt", "r"))==NULL){
printf("Input file cannot be opened\n");
return -1;
}
if ((outfp = fopen("output.txt", "w"))==NULL){
printf("Output file cannot be opened\n");
return -1;
}
while(fscanf(infp, "%d %d",&ID, &numofD)==2) {
total_hour=0;
for(i=1; i <= numofD; i++){
fscanf(infp,”%d”,&hour);
total_hour +=hour;
}
fprintf(outfp, "%3d %3d %4d\n",
ID, total_hour, total_hour*7);
}
fclose(infp); fclose(outfp);
return 0; 122
 Read/write Example
 Suppose we have a data file that contains student ID and his/her
homework grades for hw1, hw2, hw3, and hw4.
 We would like to find out min, max and average grade for each
student and write this information into another file.
 For instance, your program should process the following input.txt
and generate the corresponding output.txt as follows:

Id hw1 hw2 hw3 hw4 Id min max avg

1 20 30 28 18 1 18 30 24.00
2 35 50 27 36 prog 2 27 50 37.00
3 17 20 34 44 3 17 44 28.75
4 20 50 14 12 4 12 50 24.00
5 33 15 30 20 5 15 33 24.50
input.txt output.txt

123
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
FILE *infp, *outfp;
int i,ID, hw, max, min;
double sum;
if ((infp = fopen("input.txt", "r"))==NULL){
printf("Input file cannot be opened\n");
return -1;
}
if ((outfp = fopen("output.txt", "w"))==NULL){
printf("Output file cannot be opened\n");
return -1;
}
while(fscanf(infp, "%d %d",&ID, &hw)==2) {
sum=max=min=hw;
for(i=1; i <= 3; i++){
fscanf(infp,”%d”,&hw);
sum = sum + hw;
if (hw > max) max = hw;
if (hw < min) min = hw;
}
fprintf(outfp, "%3d \t %3d \t %4d \t %3.2lf\n",
ID, min, max, sum/4);
}
fclose(infp); fclose(outfp);
return 0; 124
}
 Eliminate out of order records
 Suppose we have a data file that has 5 columns in each row, namely
student ID, hw1, hw2, hw3, hw4.
 We are told that most rows in this file are sorted in an increasing order
based on the ID field. Write a program to determine the students
whose IDs are not in order and print the IDs and homework grades of
such students into another file.
2 4 3 3 2

3 3 1 1 1

5 3 5 8 3
1 4 4 1 5
1 4 4 1 5
program 4 5 4 6 3
7 3 5 3 3

8 1 2 4 7

4 5 4 6 3

10 2 3 2 9

12 4 8 3 4

125
More example
 Study 3.7 and 3.8 from the textbook

126