TYPE OF

MORPHOLOGY
Presented by
Intan Dwi Apriliani 11170140000075
Silma Sobah Azkiya 11170140000072
 Types of
Morphemes

Inflectional
Roots, Affixes, WP and The
and Multiple Morphological
Stems and Compounding Conversion Centrality of
Derivational Affixation Typology
Bases The Word
Morphemes

Roots, Stems Stem

Roots Affixes
and Bases Extenders
ROOTS, AFFIXES, STEMS, AND BASES
ROOTS

What is a
root?
• A root is the
irreducible core of
word, with
absolutely nothing
attached to it
(Katamba:41)
ROOTS

Lexical
Morphemes
FREE
Grammatical
ROOTS
Morphemes
BOUND
Free Morphemes

Lexical Morphemes Grammatical Morphemes

 Nouns: book, pencil, pen, man, etc.  Articles: a, an, the
 Adjectives: sweet, beautiful, bad, smart,  Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
etc.
 Pronouns: I, you, they, we, she, he, it,
 Verbs: cook, write, read, listen, etc. etc.
 Adverbs: now, always, easily, here, quite,  Conjunctions: and, yet, if, but, however,
etc. or, etc.
 Prepositions: among, between, until,
under, etc.
Bound Morphemes

Examples:
 –mit as in permit, remit, commit, admit
 –ceive as in perceive, receive, conceive
 pred- as in predator, predatory, predation, depredate
 sed- as in sedan, sedate, sedent, sedentary, sediment
 Affixes

Prefixes Suffixes Infixes

Example:
1)Kalamazoo (place name) →
Kalama-goddam-zoo
Instantiate (verb) → in -fuckin-
Example:
Example: stantiate
re-make re-read
kind-ly, quick-ly
un-kind un-tidy
wait-er, play-er 2)Kangaroo → kanga-bloody-
in-decent in-
walk-ed, jump-ed roo
accurate
Impossible → in-fuckin-
possible
Guarantee → guaran-friggin-
tee
Stems and Bases

Stems
 The stem is that part of a word that is in
existence before any inflectional affixes
(i.e. those affixes whose presence is
required by the syntax such as markers
of singular and plural number in nouns,
tense in verbs etc.) have been added.
Bases
 A base is any unit whatsoever to which
affixes of any kind can be added.
INFLECTIONAL AND DERIVATIONAL
MORPHEMES
Inflectional and Derivational Morphemes

Inflectional Morphemes Derivational Morphemes

 Inflectional morphemes are morphemes  Derivational morphemes are morphemes that
that provide grammatical alterations allow us to derive, or pull out, new words with
without changing the core meaning. new meanings or parts of speech from another
word.
Example: Example:
 Cat + -s = cats  Read + -er = reader

-s, which allows us to make cat plural but still -er, which allows us to turn a verb into a noun
refers to the animal meaning one who does something

 Want + -ed = wanted  Simple + -ify = simplify

 -ed which allows us to make a verb refer to -ify whichmake

allows us to turn an adjective into a verb
something become something
meaning
past time, but still refers to an action
MULTIPLE AFFIXATION
Multiple Affixation

Multiple affixation is a complete words is formed by attaching several

affixes to the root.
COMPOUNDING
Compounding

 Compounding is a word formation process based on the

combination of lexical elements (words or stems). In the
theoretical literature, compounding is discussed
controversially, and the disagreement also concerns basic
issues. In the study of compounding, the questions guiding
research can be grouped into four main areas, labeled here
as delimitation, classification, formation, and interpretation.
Depending on the perspective taken in the research, some
of these may be highlighted or backgrounded.
CONVERSION
CONVERSION

 Conversion can be defined as the derivation of a new word without any overt
marking. In contrast to reduplication which because of its nature is rather doubtful
in being clearly labelled as a tool of non-concatenative morphology branch,
conversion is an easily-defined word-formation process.
 Conversion takes place when a given word changes its word-class, hence becoming
a new one. Because this involves no extension at the level of the word's internal
structure, this process is also called zero-derivation or zero-affixation. It is argued
that even though there is no visual representation of meaning-derivation, the so-
called zero morpheme is added to the base as a justification for the change: [cook]v
→ [[cook]V + O ]N.
MORPHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY
Morphological Typology

 Morphological typology is a way of classifying the languages of the world that

groups languages according to their common morphological structures. The field
organizes languages on the basis of how those languages form words by combining
morphemes. The field organizes languages on the basis of how those languages
form words by combining morphemes. There are parameters within which most
differences between languages occur. pre-set parameters determine the structural
patterns from which different languages may select. Structural patterns are not
randomly distributed. There are a number of strongly preferred patterns which recur
in language after language, while other patterns are rare, or non-existent (Greenberg,
1963; Comrie, 1981; and especially Chomsky, 1986).
WP AND THE CENTRALITY OF THE WORD
WP and the Centrality of the Word

 Word-and-paradigm morphology (WP) is one themy that puts the word at the centre. It
was first mentioned in modern linguistics by Hockett (1954) who identified it as the
approach assumed in traditional grammars based on Latin. This model was articulated
in Robins (1959) and extensively revised by Matthews (1972). It has since been
elaborated by S. R. Anderson (1977, 1982, 1984, 1988a). Unfortunately, in spite of its
inherent merits, this approach has not been adopted by many linguists.
 But although there are not many WP morphologists, the critique of morpheme-based
approaches to morphology which this theory embodies has contributed to a healthy re-
examination of the nature of morphological representations in recent years. WP is
critical of the somewhat naive view of the relationship between morphological
representations and morphs found in some structuralist models of morphology.
Matthews (1972) has shown that a theory of the morpheme that relies on the
assumption that morphemes are always typified by a one-to-one pairing of morphemes
with morphs is misguided. But the phenomenon of portmanteau morphs that is found
frequently in inflecting languages illustrates the difficulties that arise if morphemes are
assumed to be always matched in a straightforward way with morphs.
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