GOVERNMENT

PATERNALISM
Focusing on the topic of SMOKING

PRESENTED BY: ROCEL MARIE SULLESTA-

SUAREZ
  General- BENIGN PARENT
the notion that those in positions of power have, just as in the relationship between
parents and children, the right and the obligation to overrule the preferences of those
deemed incapable of knowing their true interests.
 Specific- three essential elements
For an act to be said to be paternalist it must:
 involve interference in a person’s choice or opportunity to choose;
 be with the objective of furthering the person’s perceived good or welfare;
 and be made without the consent of the person concerned.

GOVERNMENT PATERNALISM
DEFINED
 As Feinberg (1986) puts it, “permissible self-endangering
actions should be determined by standards whose stringency
varies directly with the gravity of the risked harm and with the
probability of the risked harm occurring.”
 

Paternalist policies seek to advance people’s (perceived) interests

and welfare at some cost to their liberty and freedom of action
(autonomy and freedom).

The idea that governments may restrict the choices of individual

citizens for their own good is commonly known as paternalism.
Paternalist policies are often criticized on the grounds that they
amount to an infringement of liberty.
I. INTRODUCTION
SMOKING

 the act of inhaling and exhaling the fumes of burning plant material. A
variety of plant materials are smoked,
 including marijuana and hashish, but the act is most commonly
associated with tobacco as smoked in a cigarette, cigar, or pipe.
 Tobacco contains nicotine, an alkaloid that is addictive and can have both
stimulating and tranquilizing psychoactive effects.
 The smoking of tobacco, long practiced by American Indians, was
introduced to Europe by Christopher Columbus and other explorers.
Smoking soon spread to other areas and today is widely practiced around
the world despite medical, social, and religious arguments against it.
 Most people know that smoking is bad for their health. But do they really understand
how dangerous smoking really is? Tobacco contains nicotine, a highly addictive drug
that makes it difficult for the smokers to kick the habit. Tobacco products also contain
many poisonous and harmful substances that cause disease and premature death
(Harry 2005).

 Smoking causes heart attacks and stroke, causes disease and is a slow way to die. It
slowly rots the lungs. In younger people, three (3) out of the four (4) deaths from heart
disease are due to smoking. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of
low birth weight, prematurity and abortion. According to reports, ten (10) persons
every day in the Philippines are dying due to cancer caused by smoking. Every year,
hundreds of thousands of people around the world die from disease caused by
smoking cigarettes (Ordinance NO. 1S. 2012).
SMOKING AND HEALTH

 tobacco had become recognized as being highly addictive and one of the world’s
most-devastating causes of death and disease. Moreover, because of the rapid
increase in smoking in developing countries in the late 20th century, the number of
smoking-related deaths per year was projected to rise rapidly in the 21st century.
 the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that in the late 1990s there were
approximately four million tobacco-caused deaths per year worldwide. This
estimate was increased to approximately five million in 2003 and six million in 2011
and was expected to reach eight million per year by 2030.
 An estimated 80 percent of those deaths were projected to occur in developing
countries.
 The primary constituents of tobacco smoke are nicotine, tar (the
particulate residue from combustion), and gases such as carbon dioxide
 and carbon monoxide.
 The main health effect of nicotine is its addictiveness. Carbon monoxide
has profound, immediate health effects.
 smokers frequently accumulate high levels of carbon monoxide, which
starves the body of oxygen and puts an enormous strain on the entire
cardiovascular system.
 The harmful effects of smoking are not limited to the smoker. The toxic
components of tobacco smoke are found not only in the smoke that the
smoker inhales but also in environmental tobacco smoke, or
SECONDHAND SMOKE.
 Nonsmokers who are routinely exposed to environmental tobacco smoke
are at increased risk for some of the same diseases that afflict smokers,
including lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.
 II.RELATED LITERATURE
 SMOKING IN THE PHILIPPINES
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4463107/

 REPUBLIC ACT 9211

Philippines Details | Tobacco Control Laws
https://www.tobaccocontrollaws.org › legislation › country

 The COMPREHENSIVE ANTI-TOBACCO SMOKING CONTROL

ORDINANCE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF POTOTAN
ORDINANCE NO.2017-15 COMPREHENSIVE ANTI-TOBACCO SMOKING CONTROL ORDINANCE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF POTOTAN
SMOKING IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death, and is estimated to
kill more than 5 million persons each year worldwide. Tobacco use and
exposure to second-hand smoke pose a major public health problem in the
Philippines.

 Effective tobacco control policies are enshrined in the World Health

Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), a
legally binding international treaty that was ratified by the Philippines in 2005.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9211

also known as the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003, is an omnibus law

regulating smoking in public places, tobacco advertising, promotion and
sponsorship, and sales restrictions, among other requirements.
The Inter-Agency Tobacco-Committee issued Implementing Rules and
Regulations of the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003. The Committee’s
Implementing Rules and Regulations are comprehensive and cover a
broad range of topics on tobacco control.
 When Tobacco regulation act of 2003 (republic act 9211)
was enacted, prohibition of smoking cigarettes and
other tobacco products from and to MINORS and
in certain places frequented by minors were made.
 Bans and restrictions on advertising promotion and
sponsorship activities of tobacco companies were
imposed and local government units were directed to
implement these provisions.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9211

In addition to the advertising, promotion and sponsorship provisions in

Rep. Act No. 9211 and the Implementing Rules and Regulations, the
Consumer Act of the Philippines (Rep. Act No. 7394) addresses false,
deceptive, or misleading advertising in general.
 The municipality of Pototan recognizes that the local government must act with
urgency to demoralize the culture of smoking and tobacco consumption through
comprehensive and proven effective tobacco control measures
 recognizes the fundamental and irreconcilable conflict between the tobacco
industry’s interests and public health policy
 realizes the need to be alert to and informed of any efforts by the tobacco
industry to undermine or subvert tobacco control efforts,
 therefore the Sangguniang bayan of Pototan, Iloilo created an ordinance called
the Municipality Ordinance No. 2017-15 Series Of 2017
 The main purpose of this ordinance is to safeguard public health and
ensure the well being of its constituents by protecting them from the
harmful effects of smoking and tobacco consumption.
 The ordinance shall apply to all persons ,whether natural or juridical
whether resident or not and in all places, found within the territorial
jurisdiction of the Municipality of Pototan.
 Within sixty (60) calendar days from the effectivity of this ordinance and periodically
thereafter , the Health Officer with the assistance of the Health cessation Coordinator ,
and the CSO representative designated and other members of the task force shall develop
and conduct a series of orientation seminars and trainings for the enforcers of this
ordinance at least one for each group including but not limited to ,
 deputized enforcers like barangay health workers and the barangay tanod and
personnel of the Pototan Municipal Police Station.
 This ordinance of the municipality of Pototan shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its
complete publication in a newspaper of general circulation and compliance with the
posting required by Republic Act 7160. This ordinance was enacted by Sangguniang
Bayan of Pototan and approved by Mayor Tomas M. Penaflorida (Ordinance No. 2017-
15).
 YEARS FROM THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ORDINANCE, IT IS NOT
GUARANTEED THAT FULL AWARENESS AND IMPLEMENTATION ARE
STILL ON TRACK. THE RESEARCHER WOULD LIKE TO ASSESS AND
GAIN FRESH DATA ABOUT THE AWARENESS OF THE PUBLIC ON THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ANTI-TOBACCO SMOKING CONTROL
ORDINANCE OF POTOTAN AND OFFER RELATIVE SUGGESTIONS TO
CONTRIBUTE TO THE EFFECTIVITY OF ITS IMPLEMENTATION.
 TITLE OF THE STUDY

AWARENESS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ANTI- TOBACCO SMOKING

CONTROL ORDINANCE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF POTOTAN
 II OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

 The study generally aimed to assess the awareness of the public on the Comprehensive
anti- tobacco smoking control ordinance No. 2017-15 .
More specifically,
 it ought to describe the profile of the respondents in terms of gender, age, educational
attainment, occupation, and frequency of smoking;
 to identify the level of awareness of the public on Anti Smoking Ordinance.
III RESEARCH METHODS

 RESEARCH DESIGN
a descriptive method of research is utilized to assess the
perception of the public about the awareness on the
implementation of comprehensive anti tobacco smoking
control ordinance No.2017-15.
 PARTICIPANTS

 The respondents of the study composed of 100 residents out of 75, 070 total population
of Pototan Iloilo and the respondents were grouped into four: Students, Government
Employee, Private Employee, and Unemployed.
 The sample was based from 7 percent margin of error. Also, the respondents were
represented equally to come up with substantial output of the study and were selected
randomly from the different barangays in Pototan.
 INSTRUMENT
 A structured self-made questionnaire supported by the study of Solas et.al
(2011) and verbal interviews to gather data and information from the
respondents.
 The respondents were asked to complete the questionnaire and respond
honestly. They were given assurance that their identities will be kept
confidential.
 The questionnaire is composed of two parts. Part I is designed to know the
profile of the respondents, while part II focused on the level of awareness
on the implementation of anti- tobacco smoking control ordinance .
 PROCEDURE
 Assuming that an actual study was conducted by face to face
distribution of a validated questionnaire after a brief orientation on the
purpose of the study, respondents were asked to answer the questions
honestly and assured that their identities will be kept confidential.
 After answering the questionnaire, the same was retrieved for tallying,
interpreting and evaluating purposes.
DATA ANALYSIS
The table presents the PROFILE VARIABLES
GENDER
f %

distribution of the MALE

FEMALE
75
25
75
25
respondents’ profile. BELOW 18 YEARS OLD
AGE
14 14
18-24 YEARS OLD 30 30
25-30 YEARS OLD 12 12
31-40 YEARS OLD 18 18
41-50 YEARS OLD 10 10
51-60 YEARS OLD 9 9
60 YEARS OLD AND ABOVE 7 7
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
ELEMENTARY UNDERGRADUATE 3 3
ELEMENTARY GRADUATE 10 10
HIGHSCHOOL UNDERGRADUATE 8 8
HIGHSCHOOL GRADUATE 19 19
COLLEGE UNDERGRADUATE 30 30
COLLEGE GRADUATE 30 30
OCCUPATION
STUDENTS 50 50
GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE 50 50
PRIVATE EMPLOYEE 50 50
UNEMPLOYED 50 50
HOW MANY STICKS OF CIGARETTE DO YOU CONSUME IN ONE DAY?
0 35 35
1-3 5 5
4-6 20 20
7-9 25 25
10-12 7 7
13-15 3 3
16 and above 5 5
 PROFILE VARIABLES f %
GENDER

RESULT
MALE 75 75
 FEMALE 25 25
AGE
BELOW 18 YEARS OLD 14 14
 It was observed that the study was dominated by male since it has 18-24 YEARS OLD
25-30 YEARS OLD
30
12
30
12
obtained the highest frequency of 75 percent and only 25 percent 31-40 YEARS OLD
41-50 YEARS OLD
18
10
18
10
are female. 51-60 YEARS OLD
60 YEARS OLD AND ABOVE
9
7
9
7
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
ELEMENTARY UNDERGRADUATE 3 3
ELEMENTARY GRADUATE 10 10
 As for age distribution, most of the respondents fall on the 18-24 HIGHSCHOOL UNDERGRADUATE
HIGHSCHOOL GRADUATE
8
19
8
19

years old age bracket with 30 counts followed by 31-40 years old COLLEGE UNDERGRADUATE
COLLEGE GRADUATE
30
30
30
30

group and 14 minors below 18 years old. The least number of STUDENTS
OCCUPATION
50 50

respondents come from senior citizens 60 years old and above with GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE
PRIVATE EMPLOYEE
50
50
50
50
only 7 participants. UNEMPLOYED 50
HOW MANY STICKS OF CIGARETTE DO YOU CONSUME IN ONE DAY?
50

0 35 35
1-3 5 5
4-6 20 20
7-9 25 25
10-12 7 7
13-15 3 3
16 and above 5 5
 PROFILE VARIABLES f %
GENDER
MALE 75 75
FEMALE 25 25
AGE
 It can be observed that most of the respondents at 60 percent, BELOW 18 YEARS OLD
18-24 YEARS OLD
14
30
14
30
25-30 YEARS OLD 12 12
have gained college education with half of them having been 31-40 YEARS OLD
41-50 YEARS OLD
18
10
18
10
able to graduate. Almost a fifth have graduated secondary level, 51-60 YEARS OLD
60 YEARS OLD AND ABOVE
9
7
9
7

while 18 percent are still high school undergraduates. 10 have EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
ELEMENTARY UNDERGRADUATE 3 3
ELEMENTARY GRADUATE 10 10
finished elementary while 3 respondents claimed they were not HIGHSCHOOL UNDERGRADUATE
HIGHSCHOOL GRADUATE
8
19
8
19

able to finish elementary level. COLLEGE UNDERGRADUATE

COLLEGE GRADUATE
30
30
30
30
OCCUPATION
STUDENTS 50 50
GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE 50 50
PRIVATE EMPLOYEE 50 50
UNEMPLOYED 50 50
 There is an equal distribution of respondents according to HOW MANY STICKS OF CIGARETTE DO YOU CONSUME IN ONE DAY?
0 35 35

occupation with 25 percent of each group, students, government 1-3

4-6
5
20
5
20
7-9 25 25
employee, private employee and unemployed. 10-12
13-15
7
3
7
3
16 and above 5 5
 PROFILE VARIABLES f %
GENDER
 As to the frequency and practice of smoking, 35 MALE
FEMALE
75
25
75
25
AGE
percent has claimed they are non-smokers or BELOW 18 YEARS OLD
18-24 YEARS OLD
14
30
14
30

they have stopped smoking. 25 percent have

25-30 YEARS OLD 12 12
31-40 YEARS OLD 18 18
41-50 YEARS OLD 10 10

answered they smoke an average of 7-9 cigarette 51-60 YEARS OLD

60 YEARS OLD AND ABOVE
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
9
7
9
7

sticks per day. Not far from the previous, 20 ELEMENTARY UNDERGRADUATE
ELEMENTARY GRADUATE
HIGHSCHOOL UNDERGRADUATE
3
10
8
3
10
8

responded that they can consume 4-6 sticks while HIGHSCHOOL GRADUATE
COLLEGE UNDERGRADUATE
19
30
19
30
COLLEGE GRADUATE 30 30
5 has cited 1-3 sticks only. There are 10 percent STUDENTS
OCCUPATION
50 50

that can use 10- 15 sticks a day while 5 are

GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE 50 50
PRIVATE EMPLOYEE 50 50
UNEMPLOYED 50 50

considered very heavy smokers at 16 and above HOW MANY STICKS OF CIGARETTE DO YOU CONSUME IN ONE DAY?
0
1-3
35
5
35
5

cigarette stick consumption daily. 4-6

7-9
10-12
20
25
7
20
25
7
13-15 3 3
16 and above 5 5
DATA ANALYSIS
1. The ordinance is clearly stated. Aware
2. The ordinance is properly disseminated to the community. Aware

3. There is a strict implementation of the ordinance. Aware

4. The ordinance is stated within the specific boundaries and scope. Less Aware

5. The ordinance is regularly being monitored. Less Aware

6. The penalty is clearly stated and the public knows it. Aware
7. The authorities are prohibiting smoking within municipality of Pototan. Aware
 
8. There is use of signage (tarpaulin, sign boards, leaflets, etc.) in Aware
municipality of Pototan prohibiting smoking on designated places.

9. There is a system followed in implementation Less Aware

10. There is enough number of personnel implementing the ordinance. Less Aware
 RESULT
 The table shows that generally, respondents are aware of the anti- tobacco smoking
control ordinance and it is clearly stated and properly disseminated to the
community.
 According to them the ordinance is well implemented and penalties are clearly stated.
The authority implements well the prohibition and signage are placed on public places
as well.
 RESULT
 On the other hand, although a system has been put in place for the implementation,
respondents are less aware of whether it is being followed.
 They also believe that specific boundaries and scope are not clearly stated,
 likewise, the ordinance is not regularly monitored giving room for disobedience among
citizens.
 Another is that they are less aware of whether there is enough number of personnel
implementing the ordinance.
V. CONCLUSIONS

 Majority of the respondents were male within the age bracket of 18-24 years old or young
adults, College graduates and undergraduate and most of them are private employees.
 The respondents were aware on the implementation of anti-tobacco smoking control
ordinance No 2017-15. A good percentage of 35 recognizes the danger of smoking and
adheres to smoking ban however majority with 50% are considered average smokers
consuming 1-9 cigarette sticks daily.15% consumes 10 sticks and above and are also
considered heavy smokers.
 Generally, respondents are aware of the implementation of the anti-tobacco smoking
control ordinance however there are few issues to be reviewed.
RECOMMENDATIONS
 It is recommended that the Educational institutions may continue to
enhance the information campaign programs about the harmful
effects of smoking so as to increase young adults awareness.
 To the Local Government and authorities assigned, they may
maintain the strict implementation of Anti-tobacco Smoking Control
Ordinance. The authorities may device effective means of how to
specify the specific boundaries covered by the ordinance. The street
vendors should not sell cigarettes near the places where smoking is
prohibited and It should be regularly monitored to avoid lax and
disobedience.
 The system of implementation must also be explained or discussed on
future seminars and trainings to help citizens and implementers fully
understand.
 Involve minors with parental guidance and focus on young adults
when conducting educational awareness to encourage adherence and
strong mentality against smoking.
 There may have enough personnel to implement the ordinance and the
public authorities may serve as a role model for the public.
 4 PAGED POLICY PAPER IS MADE OUT OF THIS RESEARCH STUDY.
 CONTAINS A SUMMARY AND IMPORTANTS NOTES ONLY.
 -End-