THE ROAD TO MULTIMODALISM

THE ROAD TO MULTIMODALISM

IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION

Need for goods

Need for Services

For which

Goods are to be moved

People have to travel

THUS TRANSPORTATION IS REQUIRED.

THE ROAD TO MULTIMODALISM

WHAT TRANSPORT IS REQUIRED?

Road Transport.

Rail Transport.

Water Transport

Air transport.
 THE ROAD TO MULTIMODALISM

REQUISITES FOR CARGO MOVEMENT

1) LABOUR

2) EQUIPMENT

3) SPACE

4) SERVICES

5) TIME
 THE ROAD TO MULTIMODALISM
LABOUR
ONBOARD DOCK LABOUR
WHARF LABOUR
CRANE DRIVERS
FOREMEN
SUPERVISORS
CARPENTERS
TALLY CLERKS
SHED MANAGERS
LOCKER (LOCKFAST) STAFF
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EQUIPMENT

SLINGS (ROPE,WIRE,NET,SNOTTERS)

HOOKS (PLATE HOOKS, DRUMHOOKS)

PALLETS (WOODEN,METAL, SKID-TYPE)

ANCILLARY (CROWBAR,TACKLES,SPREADER,PADS)
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SPACE

OPEN AREAS

WARE-HOUSE

LOCKERS

SHEDS

OIL TANKS

HAZARDOUS GOODS AREA

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SERVICES

STEVEDORING (LOADING,DISCHARGING,HANDLING)

TALLY (IMPORT,EXPORT,FINAL OUT-TURN)

SURVEYS (CONDITION,DAMAGE etc)

SECURITY (NORMAL,SPECIAL)
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PROBLEMS WITH BREAKBULK CARGO

LABOUR INTENSIVE
TIME-CONSUMING
VARIETY OF EQUIPMENT
SECURITY ISSUES
HANDLING PROBLEMS
NOT INTERMODAL FRIENDLY
MORE EXPENSES
PROPENSITY FOR DAMAGE.
 THE ROAD TO MULTIMODALISM
IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH CARRIAGE OF BREAK-
BULK CARGOES, THERE BEGAN A
TENDENCY TO “UNITIZE” THE GOODS
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UNITIZATION
Definition:-

It is the assembly into a single load of quantities of

one or many different items of supply, in such a manner that
it can be moved unbroken from source or destination of use,
as far forward as practicable.

- U.S. Army (1967)

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UNITIZATION
Definition:-

A grouping together of two or more items (usually of

a homogeneous nature) and securing them with banding,
glue, shrink-wrap, slings (e.g. clover leaf), to form a unit
which, together with a base (skids, pallets, etc ) or permanent
slings, allows mechanical handling equipment (e.g. tynes of
a fork lift truck) to lift and transport the unit.

- Thomas’ Stowage
 TYPES OF UNITIZATION

LIFT VAN

PRE-SLINGING

JUMBO BAGS

SKIDS

 PALLETIZATION

CONTAINERIZATION

LIGHTERS/BARGES
 ADVANTAGES OF UNITIZATION

EASE OF TALLYING

REDUCED BREAKAGES

REDUCED PILFERAGE

 FASTER CARGO OPERATIONS

EFFECTIVE USE OF SPACE

REDUCED LABOUR REQUIREMENTS

BETTER SECURITY
 THE ROAD TO MULTIMODALISM
ON THE ROAD TO MULTIMODALISM, CONTAINERIZATION
WAS THE MOST POPULAR AND WIDELY USED FORM OF
UNITIZATION BECAUSE IT HAD :

ALL ADVANTAGES OF UNITIZATION

STANDARIZED HANDLING EQUIPMENT

 EASE OF INTERMODAL TRANSFERS

MULTIMODAL ACCEPTABILITY

REDUCED LABOUR REQUIREMENTS

WEATHER PROTECTION
 CONCEPT OF CONTAINERISATION

 A standardized method of transportation of cargo

across the oceans can offer definite economic
gains.

 A “through transport” system ( using seas, rivers,

road and rail) will offer big advantages.

Hence “containerization” evolved due to the above and

became popular because of its advantages.
 CONTAINERISATION

ADVANTAGES

Cost saving - Freight, Insurance, Packaging

Door to door services

Reduces damages

Reduces pilferages

Better handling efficiency

Easier and safer storage

Frequent & better services

 THROUGH TRANSPORT

Definition :-

Through transport “ envisages a direct and efficient

flow of goods from the exporter to the importing customer
from the point of origin to final point of sale with a minimum
of interruption and delay, whether on the part of the shipper,
agent, haulier, custom officials or any other source ”.

-National Economic Development office (HMSO,1966).

Ideally, it is an unbroken door-to-door service.

 THROUGH TRANSPORT
Elements of Through Transport – Shipper’s end

Container sent to shipper’s factory

Container is stuffed in factory and locked.

Container is moved to rail head and loaded on rail-wagon

Moved by railway to gateway port

Discharged at gateway port and stacked in CY

Transported from CY to shipside

Loaded on board by quay gantry crane on to the ship

 THROUGH TRANSPORT

Elements of Through Transport – Consignee’s end

Discharged at destination port and stacked at CY.

Loaded from CY onto the railway wagon for inland
destination ( ICD)
Discharged at inland destination and stacked in CY
Loaded from CY onto truck
Taken by truck to consignee’s site
Unlocked and de-stuffed at consignee’s site.
 THROUGH TRANSPORT

Container Handling Equipment used during

multimodal and through transportation

Top-lifter (or fork-lift for empty container)

RTG (Rubber-tyre gantry cranes)
QGC (Quay Gantry Cranes)
Tractor trailers
Extension slings for OOG (out of Gauge) containers
 THROUGH TRANSPORT
Operating Environment
The Multimodal Transportation of Goods Act, 1993
 Multimodal Transport Document (MTD)
 Multimodal Transport Operator (MTO) License.
 Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier (NVOCC)
 Common User Container Feeder Operator
 Combined Transport Document (CTD)
 Insurers ( TT Club, OTIM, IFFCO-Tokyo etc)
 Ocean freights rates and feeder slot rates
 THC, IHC and other expenses
THANK YOU