DISTRIBUTED DATABASES

By: Neha Sharma

09ITMG2043SE
CONTENTS
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• Introduction
• Objective of proposed Work
• Review of literature Survey
a) Ddb
b) Ddbms
c) Evolution of ddb
d) Advantages
e) Disadvantages
f) Goals
g) Technical Issues
• Tentative plan of the work
OBJECTIVE OF PROPOSED WORK
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In this Thesis
1)I will work on Fundamentals Distributed
databases, their advantages and disadvantages.
2)Will find out various design and implementation
issues.
3)How these issues can be resolved usin various
Transparency Feature.
INTRODUCTION
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• A database is a system intended to organize,

store, and retrieve large amounts of data easily.
• It consists of an organized collection of data for
one or more uses.
• A Database Management System (DBMS)
is a set of computer programs that controls the
creation, maintenance, and the use of a database
• It allows organizations to place control of
database
DDB
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• Distributed database is a collection of data that

logically belongs to the same system but is
spread over the sites of a computer network.
• Collection of data with different parts under the
control of separate DBMSs running on
independent computer systems.
• Computers are interconnected
DDBMS
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• A distributed database management system

(DDBMS) is the software :

that manages the DDB

 provides access mechanisms that make the
distribution transparent to the user.
Governs storage and processing of logically
related data over interconnected computer
systems
EVOLUTION
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• Centralized database required that corporate

data be stored in a single central site.
• Dynamic business environment and centralized
database’s shortcomings spawned a demand or
applications based on data access from different
sources at multiple locations.
• The need to share data that is dispersed cannot
be satisfied by centralize DBMS.
• Distributed database system is the union of what
appear to be two diametrically opposed approaches to
data processing: database systems and computer
network
• Computer networks promote a mode of work that
goes against centralization
• Objective of DB technology is integration not
centralization
ADVANTAGES
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• Improved performance, reliability, and

availability
• Increased efficiency
• Data are located near “greatest demand” site
• Faster data access
• Faster data processing
• Growth facilitation
• Improved communications
• Reduced operating costs
• Less danger of a single-point failure
DISADVANTAGES
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• Complexity of management and control

• Security
• Lack of standards
• Increased storage requirements
• Greater difficulty in managing the data
environment
• Increased training cost
GOALS
• The distributed nature of the database is hidden
from users , as if the data were locally available
and controlled by a single DBMS.
• Designing efficient distributed database
• Highly scalable with no critical failure points.
• Uniform access to physically distributed data, no
mater what the distance between the access
location and places data resides.
TECHNICAL ISSUES
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1. Distributed database design

– How to fragment the data?
– Partitioned data vs. replicated data and duplication of data.

2. Distributed query processing

– Design algorithms that analyze queries and convert them into a series of data manipulation
operations
– Distribution of data, communication costs, etc. has to be considered
– Find optimal query plans

3. Distributed concurrency control

– Synchronization of concurrent accesses such that the integrity of the DB is maintained
– Integrity of multiple copies of (parts of) the DB have to be considered.

4. Distributed deadlock management

– Deadlock management: prevention, avoidance, detection/recovery DDB

5. Reliability
– How to make the system resilient to failures
– Atomicity and Durability

6. Security

7. Scalability
So…..
All these issues can be resolved using Transparency
features in DDB.

• Transaction transparency(Concurrency)
• Failure Transparency
• Performance transparency
• Distribution transparency(location transparency)
• Replication transparency
• Fragmentation transparency
• Heterogeneity transparency
TENTATIVE PLAN OF WORK
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Now, The aim of my work is to study in detail :

a)All the technical issues stated above
b)How these issues can be resolved using above
transparency Features.
Thanks 