Physics 114C - Mechanics

Review for Exam1

(Walker: Chapters 1-5)
October
October 16,
16, 2008
2008

John G. Cramer
Professor of Physics
B451 PAB
cramer@phys.washington.edu

October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 1/35

 Announcements
 Homework Assignment 3 is due at 11:59 PM on
Thursday, October 16 (Tonight!). Homework up to 24
hours late gets 70% credit.
 There are now 122/167 clicker registrations. To use
the HiTT RF Clickers, in this room, set to “Channel 1” by
holding down the “double-down” arrow key until the
light flashes red, typing “0” and “1”, and holding down
the “double-down” key again until the light flashes
green.
 My office hours are 1:30-2:20 PM on Tuesdays and
3:30-4:20 PM on Thursdays (i.e., right after this class),
both in the “114” area of the Physics Study Center on
the Mezzanine floor of PAB C (this building).
October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 2/35
 About Exam 1
 On Friday, October 17 (tomorrow) we will have Exam 1, which covers
Walker, Chapters 1-5 and my lectures 1-12.
 Exam 1 will have assigned seating. Look for “Seating” on Tycho to get
your seat assignment for Exam 1. A number of left-handed seats are not
assigned. If you need a left-handed seat, take one when you come to the
exam.
 Exam 1 is closed-book, but you may bring with you one page of notes on a
8½x11” sheet of paper (both sides).
 Bring a Scantron sheet and a scientific calculator with good batteries.
 Exam 1 will have a multiple-choice section (60 pts) based on questions
taken from lecture example problems and “two-dot” end-of-chapter
problems in Walker.
 Exam 1 will have a free-response section (20 pts) based on a selected
problem from the Tycho homework.
 Exam 1 will have a free-response section (20 pts) based on “Conceptual
Questions” from Walker requiring written answers.
October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 3/35
 Lecture Schedule (Part 1)
Physics 114C  -  Introduction to Mechanics
Lecture: Professor John G. Cramer  
Textbook:  Physics, Vol. 1 (UW Edition), James S. Walker
Week Date L# Lecture Topic Pages Slides Reading HW Due Lab

25-Sep-08 1 Introduction to Physics 12 21 Chapter 1  

1 No Lab 1st week

26-Sep-08 2 Position & Velocity 8 22 2-1 to 2-3  

29-Sep-08 3 Velocity & Acceleration 19 25 2-4 to 2-7  

2 30-Sep-08 4 Vectors 8 24 3-1 to 3-3   1-D Kinematics

2-Oct-08 5 r, v & a Vectors 5 24 3-4 to 3-5  
3-Oct-08 6 Relative Motion 3 18 3-6  

6-Oct-08 7 2D Motion Basics 5 19 4-1 to 4-2  

3 7-Oct-08
9-Oct-08
8
9
2D Examples
More 2-D Motion
13
-
22
19
4-3 to 4-5
 
 
 
Free Fall & Projectiles

10-Oct-08 10 Newton's Laws 14 29  5-1 to 5-4  

13-Oct-08 11 Common Forces 11 26 5-5 to 5-7  

4 14-Oct-08 12 Free Body Diagrams - 24      1-D Dynamics

16-Oct-08 R1 Review & Extension -  35    
17-Oct-08 E1 EXAM 1  

October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 We are here. 4/35

 Units of Chapter 1
1. Physics and the Laws of Nature
2. Units of Length, Mass, and Time
3. Dimensional Analysis
4. Significant Figures
5. Converting Units
6. Order-of-Magnitude Calculations
7. Scalars and Vectors
8. Problem Solving in Physics
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 Summary of Chapter 1

 Physics is based on a small number of laws and

principles
 Units of length are meters; of mass, kilograms; and of
time, seconds
 All terms in an equation must have the same dimensions
 The result of a calculation should have only as many
significant figures as the least accurate measurement
used in it

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 Dimensional Analysis (1)
Any valid physical equation must be dimensionally
consistent – each side must have the same dimensions.

From the Table:

Distance = velocity × time
Velocity = acceleration ×
time
Energy = mass × (velocity)2

October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 7/35

 Dimensional Analysis (2)
Example:
The period P (T) of a swinging
pendulum depends only on the length
of the pendulum d (L) and the
acceleration of gravity g (L/T2).
Which of the following formulas for P
could be correct ?

d d
(a) P  2 (dg)2
(b) P  2 (c) P  2
g g
October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 8/35
 Dimensional Analysis (3)
Remember that P is in units of time (T), d is
length (L) and g is acceleration (L/T2).
The both sides must have the same units
Try equation (a). Try equation (b). Try equation (c).
2 L L
 L L4  T2  T  T2 T
 L    4 T L L
 T2  T T2 T2

d d
(a) P  2  dg  (b)
2
P  2 (c) P  2
g g
October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 9/35
 Units of Chapter 2
1. Position, Distance, and Displacement
2. Average Speed and Velocity
3. Instantaneous Velocity
4. Acceleration
5. Motion with Constant Acceleration
6. Applications of the Equations of Motion
7. Freely Falling Objects

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 Summary of Chapter 2 (1)

 Distance: total length of travel

 Displacement: change in position
 Average speed: distance / time
 Average velocity: displacement / time
 Instantaneous velocity: average velocity
measured over an infinitesimally small time

October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 11/35

 Summary of Chapter 2 (2)
 Instantaneous acceleration: average
acceleration measured over an infinitesimally
small time
 Average acceleration: change in velocity
divided by change in time
 Deceleration: velocity and acceleration have
opposite signs
 Constant acceleration: equations of motion
relate position, velocity, acceleration, and time
 Freely falling objects: constant acceleration
g = 9.81 m/s2
October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 12/35
 Velocity & Slope

The position vs. time graph of a particle moving

at constant velocity has a constant slope.

4.5 m

The position vs. time graph 3.0 s

of a particle moving with a
changing velocity has a slope = velocity = 4.5 m/3.0 s = 1.5 m/s
changing slope.

October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 13/35

 Motion with Constant Acceleration
Average velocity:
(2-9)

Position as a function of time:

(2-10)
(2-11)
Velocity as a function of position:
(2-12)

October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 14/35

 Units of Chapter 3
1. Scalars Versus Vectors
2. The Components of a Vector
3. Adding and Subtracting Vectors
4. Unit Vectors
5. Position, Displacement, Velocity, and
Acceleration Vectors
6. Relative Motion
October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 15/35
 Summary of Chapter 3 (1)
 Scalar: number, with appropriate units
 Vector: quantity with magnitude and direction
 Vector components: Ax = A cos θ, By = B sin θ
 Magnitude: A = (Ax2 + Ay2)1/2
 Direction: θ = arctan(Ay / Ax)
 Graphical vector addition: Place tail of second
at head of first; sum points from tail of first to
head of last
 Component method: add components of
individual vectors, then find magnitude and
direction
October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 16/35
 Summary of Chapter 3 (2)
 Unit vectors are dimensionless and of unit
length
 Position vector points from origin to location
 Displacement vector points from original
position to final position
 Velocity vector points in direction of motion
 Acceleration vector points in direction of
change of motion
 Relative motion: v13 = v12 + v23
October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 17/35
 Properties of Vectors

October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 18/35

 Units of Chapter 4
1. Motion in Two Dimensions
2. Projectile Motion: Basic Equations
3. Zero Launch Angle
4. General Launch Angle
5. Projectile Motion: Key Characteristics

October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 19/35

 Summary of Chapter 4
 Components of motion in the x- and y-
directions can be treated independently
 In projectile motion, the acceleration is –g
 If the launch angle is zero, the initial velocity
has only an x-component
 The path followed by a projectile is a
parabola
 The range is the horizontal distance the
projectile travels
October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 20/35
 Constant Acceleration
   1 2   
r  r0  v0t  2 at v  v0  at
x(t )  x0  v0 xt  axt
1
2
2
vx  v0 x  ax t
y (t )  y0  v0 y t  a y t 2
1
2 v y  v0 y  a y t
ax  0; a y   g
v  v  2ax x
2
x
2
0x
x(t )  x0  v0 xt
v  v  2a y y
2
y
2
0y
y (t )  y0  v0 y t  gt
1
2
2

October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 21/35

 Constant Acceleration with
axx = 0 and ayy = g
x(t )  x0  v0 xt vx  v0 x

y (t )  y0  v0 y t  12 gt 2 v y  v0 y  gt

v v
2
x
2
0x

v  v  2 g y
2
y
2
0y

October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 22/35

 Finding Position from Velocity

October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 23/35

 Drag Racer’s Displacement
The figure shows the
velocity of a drag racer.
How far does the racer
move during the first 3.0 s?

Solution:
The net distance traveled
is the area under the velocity
curve shown in blue. This is
a triangle with sides 12 m/s
and 3.0 s. The area of this
triangle is:
A = ½(12 m/s)(3 s) = 18 m.
Thus, the drag racer moves
18 m in the first 3 seconds.

October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 24/35

 Zero Launch Angle
In the zero launch angle case, the initial
velocity in the y-direction is zero. Here are the
equations of motion, with x0 = 0 and y0 = h:

October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 25/35

 General Launch Angle
In general, v0x = v0 cos θ and v0y = v0 sin θ
This gives the equations of motion:

October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 26/35

 Units of Chapter 5
1. Force and Mass
2. Newton’s First Law of Motion
3. Newton’s Second Law of Motion
4. Newton’s Third Law of Motion
5. The Vector Nature of Forces: Forces
in Two Dimensions
6. Weight
7. Normal Forces
October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 27/35
 Summary of Chapter 5 (1)
 Force: a push or pull
 Mass: measures the difficulty in
accelerating an object
 Newton’s First Law: if the net force on an
object is zero, its velocity is constant
 Inertial frame of reference: one in which
the first law holds
 Newton’s Second Law:
 Free-body diagram: a sketch showing all
the forces on an object

October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 28/35

 Summary of Chapter 5 (2)
 Newton’s Third Law: If object 1 exerts a
force F on object 2, then object 2 exerts a
force –F on object 1.
 Contact forces: an action-reaction pair of
forces produced by two objects in physical
contact
 Forces are vectors
 Newton’s laws can be applied to each
component of the forces independently
 Weight: gravitational force exerted by the
Earth on an object
October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 29/35
 Summary of Chapter 5 (3)
 On the surface of the Earth, W = mg
 Apparent weight: force felt from contact
with a floor or scale
 Normal force: force exerted perpendicular to
a surface by that surface
 Normal force may be equal to, lesser than, or
greater than the object’s weight

October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 30/35

 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
An object may have several forces acting on
it; the acceleration is due to the net force:

(5-1)

October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 31/35

 Newton’s 3 Law rd
rd
Newton’s 3rd Law: Every force occurs as one member of
an action/reaction pair of forces.

•The two members of the action/reaction force pair

act on two different objects.

•The two members of the action/reaction pair are

equal in magnitude and opposite in direction:
 
FA on B   FB on A
Alternate Wording: “For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.”
Implication of Newton’s Laws: the interaction is the principal
item of interest; the force is an aspect of the interaction.

Consequence of Newton’s 3rd Law: a closed isolated system cannot

accelerate due to internal motions (the “no space-drive” theorem).
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 Free-Body Diagrams

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 Drawing a Free-Body Diagram
 Identify all forces acting on the object.
 Draw a coordinate system. Use the axes defined in your
pictorial representation. If those axes are tilted, for motion
along an incline, then the axes of the free-body diagram should
be similarly tilted.
 Represent the object as a dot at the origin of the
coordinate axes. This is the particle model.
 Draw vectors representing each of the identified forces.
Be sure to label each force vector.

 Draw and label the net force vector Fnet . Draw this
vector beside the diagram,
  not on the particle. Or, if
appropriate, write Fnet  0 .

 Then check that Fnet points in the same direction as the

acceleration vector a on your motion diagram.

October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 34/35

 End of Review 1
 Before Monday, read Walker Chapter 6.1
 Homework Assignments #3 should be
submitted using the Tycho system by
11:59 PM on Thursday, Oct. 16 (Tonight!).
(24 hours late  70% credit)
 Register your clicker, using the “Clicker”
link on the Physics 114C Syllabus page.

October 16, 2008 Physics 114C - Review 01 35/35