DELHI SCIENCE COLLEGE

COURSE NAME: INTRODUCTION TO ICT

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COURSE OUT LINE

1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

2. BASIC COMPUTER NETWORK,INTERNET AND ITS

APPLICATION

3. COMPUTER SYSTEM SECURITY

4. MICROSOFT OFFICE APPLICATIONS

5. BASIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

6. FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

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 Topic One
Introducti
2on
Computers
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 Objectives of the TOPIC
1. Understanding basic concepts of the Computer.
2. Understanding Major parts of the Computer.
3. Understanding the Computer Memory.
4. Understanding the Computer software's.
5. Understanding the types of Computer.
6. Understanding how to classify Computers.
7. Understanding Computer Booting
Skills Techniques.
8. Understanding the Ms Windows
features
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 Topic: 01
Introductio
2n
Computers
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Major Parts of
Computer

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
What is a
The definition of Computer varies from one
Computer?
person to another. However, a few definitions
are given heremake the concepts of
Computer clear.

computer is an electronic machine which

accepts, processes and stores data
automatically following some instructions to
give useful output.

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Computer is a machine/tool or device which
accepts data or information in one form and
process it to produce data or information in
another form
Computer is an electronic device/machine that
takes in data, Processes them according to the
given instructions and produces Information that
is useful to the people (user).

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What a computer
do? First
Accepts data such as raw facts,
figures, numbers, letters and
symbol
 Processes
Then data into information (Data that
is organized, meaningful, and useful )
 Finally
Produces and stores results

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 Answer the questions at the top of thescreen. 7
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What can a computer
do?

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 Input Keyboard

Process Processor

Output Speaker

Storage Flash
memory card

Thirty years ago a whole office-floor of equipment was

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 What is Computer
Literacy?
 Computer Literacy: Means an
understanding of what a computer is
and how it can be used as a resource.
 Means knowledge and understanding
of computers and their uses
 To use a computer, a user must
be computer literate.
Note:
Computer literate is a person having
sufficient knowledge and skill to be able
to use computers
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Cont…
 Computer literacy can be explained
through the following three-part
definition
1. Awareness: becoming aware of
potential of computers in our
society
2. Knowledge: know how
computer work and their
function
3. Interaction: become comfortable in
sitting before computer and use it for
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 How to get Information
from the computer?
The following principle is used
IPO (Input- Process -Output)
1. Data is input into the computer
through input devices
2. Computer process the data as per
instructions
3. Computer gives out information
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 Summary

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

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 What is
 Data is a collection of raw facts, figures and statistics
related to anData?
object. Data can be processed to create
useful information.
What is information ?
Information is the processed data. It has meaning than
data. It is used for decision making.
Example of data and information
Data
Johnson, 55,Salome,Mary,34,Sabrina,
5,20,178,100,189,151.
 When these data are processed it gives information as
the Meaningful product as shown on the following
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 Example of data and information

Johnson,Salome,34,20,Mary178,100,
data

Sabrina,4,5,189,151,

Process

NAME AGE HEIGHT

Information

Johnson 4 20
Salome 34 178
Mary 20 189
Sabrina 5 100
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 Example of Information
 Data collected from census is used to generate
different type of information. The government
can use it to determine the literacy rate in the
country. Government can use the information
in important decision to improve literacy rate.

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Differences between data and
information
DATA INFORMATION
Is the collection of facts, Is a processed data
figures and statistics related to
an object

Is not used in decision making Used in Decision Making

Data has no meaning Information has meaning

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 Data Processing Cycle
The data processing activities can be grouped
in four functional activities:
1. Data input
2. Data Processing
3. Information Output
4. Storage
Thus constituting what is known as a
Data Processing cycle
NOTE: The above functions are performed in
a logical sequence.
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 Diagram of Data processing Cycle

Store & Retrieve

Communicate
Data &
&
Information
Storage Reproduce
Data
Sorting &
Informati
o n
Calculatin
g
Comparing
Input
data
Collection
Conversion
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The Components of a Computer
System

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 The Components of a
Computer

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 Uses of
computer
 Playing games.
 Creating various documents.
 Doing homework.
 Watching movies.
 Listening music
 Browsing on Internet &
 E-mailing.

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 Characteristic ofa
Any computer has the following characteristics;
computer
1. Speed: A powerful computer is capable of performing
about 3-4 million simple instructions per second.
2. Automatic: Once activated, very minimum human being
intervention, Given a job, computer can work on it
automatically without human interventions
3. Accuracy: free from errors, In addition to being fast,
computers are also accurate. Errors that may occur can
almost always be attributed to human error (inaccurate
data, poorly designed system or faulty
instructions/programs written by the programmer)
4. Diligence: Ability to repeat the same activity at the same
speed and accuracy. Computer is free tiredness, It can
work continuously for hours without creating any error .
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Cont
…5. Versatility:
6. able to adapt or to be adopted to different functions or
activities, Computer is capable of performing almost any
task, if the task can be reduced to a finite series of logical
steps
7. Power of Remembering: Computer can store and Recall any
amount of information because of its secondary storage
capability. It forgets or loses certain information only when it is
asked to do so
8. No Feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. Their
Judgment is based on the instructions given to them in
The form of programs that are written by us (human
Beings)
9. Storage-bulky data and information can be storage in
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 Basic Functions ofthe Computer
A computer is a device that performs four
basic functions:
1. Inputs data: getting data into the machine
2. Stores data: holding the information before
and after processing.
3. Processes data: Manipulate data at high speed.
4. Output information: Sending the results out
to the user via some display method.

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Diagram of Computer Process
Cycle
Input data Store data Output
By using input into RAM informatio
devices n
before
eg. (User gets
Keyboard and after
result by using
process.
output
After saving
devices.eg
that data
monitor.
shift into
HDD.

Process
data by
using CPU
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.

MAJOR PARTS OF COMPUTERSYSTEM

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 What is Computer
 A computer system comprises the
System?
hardware, software, Data/information,
People and Procedures.
 By itself, a computer has no intelligence and
is referred to as hardware, which means
simply thephysical equipment. Thehardware
cannot be used until it is connected to other
elements, all of which constitute the 5
components of the computer based
information systems.
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 Major components of
Computer Syste
1. Hardware m Hardwar
e
2. Software
1. Human ware (user/ People)
2. Data/Information Use
r
3. Procedures

softwar
e
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Major Parts of
Computer

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 Roles of People in computer system?
1. People are designer.
2. Manufacturers .
3. Users of computer systems.

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Relationship between Parts of a
Computer

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 Computer Hardware
 A computers hardware is an electronic
devices such as a keyboard, monitor, modem,
mouse, Printer, etc that you can see, touch
and feel it.
1. Peripheral devices: are devices outside the
central processing unit but under its control,
they may be input devices, output devices,
such as printers, or storage devices, such as
disk drives
2. Accessories devices: Are the device
that support the proper handling of an
electronic device,
bag, computer stand
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3
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 Computer Hardware

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 Example of Computer
1. Hardware
Monitor
2. System Unit
3. Mouse
4. CPU
5. RAM
6. HDD
7. Speaker
8. NIC
9. Keyboard
10. VGA Cable
11. Power 38
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Cable
Categories ofComputer
Hardware
 Computer hardware can be categorized into
five parts namely,
1. Input device
2. Processing device
3. Output device
4. Storage device
5. Communication devices
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
1. Input
Is a Computer component which used to enter data
Devices
into a Computer system.
Examples; Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Digital
Camera, Microphone, Touch pads, Joystick, Webcam,
Light pen e.t.c

Scanner Power Supply Mouse

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 Keyboard
 Keyboard is an important device that allows
a user to enter text or symbols like letters
and numbers into a computer. It is the main
input device for most computers

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Keyboar Cap
s
d ES
C Lock
Diagram Shift
Backspac Enter
Ta keys e
b
key

Special buttons on the keyboard

{
Windows CTRL- Simulates
The numeric
ALT- clicking
button to key pad.
the right
clicking
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Press Num
Equivalent numbers
Lock fo4r49 2
or clicking Ctrl-
button
 The keys are
No.
following
Keys Description

These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digits keys (0-9) which
1 Typing Keys generally give same layout as that of typewriters.

It is used to enter numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it

consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same
2 Numeric Keypad
configuration used by most adding machine and calculators.

The twelve functions keys are present on the keyboard. These are
arranged in a row along the top of the keyboard. Each function key
3 Function Keys has unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose.

These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four

directional arrow key. Control keys also include Home, End, Insert,
4 Control keys
Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).

Special Purpose Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter,
5 Keys Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.50
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Short Explanation of keyboard keys
(Button)
1. ENTER or RETURN - Moves the cursor down one
line and to the left margin.
2. DEL or DELETE - Deletes the character at
cursor and/or characters to the right of the cursor
and all highlighted (or selected) text.
3. BKSP or BACKSPACE - Deletes the character to the
left of cursor and all highlighted text.
4. SPACE BAR - Moves the cursor one space at a time
to the right

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Cont
…
5. SHIFT KEY - Use the shift keys to type capital
letters and to type the upper character on keys
with two characters on them
6. CAPS LOCK - Locks the keyboard so it types
capital letters (a light goes on when caps lock is
on)
7. TAB - Moves the cursor five spaces to the right
(number of spaces are usually adjustable).
8. ESC or ESCAPE - Cancels a menu or dialog
box
9. ARROW KEYS
10. FUNCTION KEYS- Moves the cursor
or F KEYS around
- Access
document by without
commands themselveschanging text
or in combination with the
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 The Mouse
 Mouse: Mouse is the pointing device which used to
select different object. It has two buttons (left & Right)
that control the movement of the cursor.
Left button - used to select menu options or
commands by pointing & pressing the button once.
Right button - used to access shortcut menu within
windows and windows application.
Scroll wheel- Used to show the hidden part of the
document in different applications, example In Ms-
Word, Ms-Excel.

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 The Mouse
Diagram Scrol
lwheel
Right
button

Left
button

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 Using the Mouse
1. Left click: Use your first finger to click the left button
once.
2. Right click :Use your second finger to click the right
button once
3. Double click :Use your first finger to click the left
mouse button twice quickly
4. Drag :Click and hold the left mouse button, move the
mouse as necessary then release the left mouse
button
5. Scroll wheel :Helps to move up and down a document
in some applications
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 Mouse Actions/Operations
1. Point: To point an item means to move the mouse
pointer so that it's touching the item.
2. Click: Point to the item, then tap (press and release)
the left mouse button.
3. Double-click: Point to the item, and tap the left mouse
button twice in rapid succession - click-click as fast as
you can.
4. Right-click: Point to the item, then tap the mouse
button on the right.
5. Drag: Point to an item, then hold down the left mouse
button as you move the mouse. To drop the item,
release the left mouse button.
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 Scanners
 Scanners: Allow user to copy or transfer photos,
pictures, even some objects to a file on your computer.
It transfers the information to the computer as a
bitmap.
 It will also allow you to scan a page of text using the
OCR (Optical Character Recognition) software to
be able to later edit that text in your word processor.
Twain software makes the scanner

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 Touch Screen
 Touch screen :Is a special kind of screen which
is sensitive to touch. Touching with their
finger the desired icon or menu item
displayed on the screen

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 Bar Code Reader
 A barcode is simply a numeric code
(BCR)
represented as a series of lines. These lines can
be read by a barcode reader/scanner. convert
the data into electrical signal and send them to
computer for processing.

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 Joystick
Joystick: Used mainly for playing games
s also be found on some
Small joysticks can
mobile phones.

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 Joysticks, Head Phone &
Microphone

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
Light
. A light pen is a device used as a pointing device to
Pen
‗write‘ on the screen of a computer.

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Touchpad / Track
pad
A pointing device found on most laptops

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6
 Digital
Camera

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
Video Camera
Like a digital camera, most video cameras
do not directly input data into a computer –
the captured movies are stored on video-
tape or memory cards and later transferred
to a computer.

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
Web
This is a very basic video camera used to feed
Cam
live video into a computer. The video data
from a web cam is low quality compared to a
full video camera.

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
Microphon
An input device that converts sound into
e can be fed into a computer.
a signal that

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 Other Input

Devices
Tracker ball
 Touch sensitive pad
 Graphics tablets (Digitizers)
 Optical Character Readers
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
 Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR)
 Optical Mark Readers and Optical
Mark Recognition (OMR)
 Punched Card
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 Other Input

Devices
Kimball tag
 Voice Recognition e.g. Microphone
 Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS)
 Electronic Fund Transfer at Point of
sale (EFTPOS)
 Video digitizer
 Digital Camera
 Touch tone Telephones

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 2. Processing Devices
 These are devices used to process (Convert)raw
data into information. In computer system this device
is known as Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPU: Is a main component of the computer, used to
process the data fed into the computer to get
information that is understood by human.
 Processing data may include the following ;
 Calculating
 Sorting
 Searching
 Storing
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The Central Processing Unit (C P
U)Is a brain of the computer that process data.

This component is located on the
computer motherboard

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84
 The Brain Of The
Computer

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 Parts of the
CPU
CONTROL UNIT ARTHIMETI
(CU) C LOGIC
UNIT (ALU)

REGISTERS
(IMMEDIATE ACCESS
STORE)

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 Components / Elements of CPU
1. Control unit (CU)
 Responsible for the following functions;
1. Coordinating the input and output devices.
2. It directs the flow of data from the CPU and input and
output devices.
3. Tell the rest of the computer system how to carry
out a program instructions.
4. Directs the movements of electronic
signals between main memory and logic units.
5. Directs electronic signals between main memory and
the input/output devices.
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2. Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
 ALU is responsible for the following
functions;
1. The ALU performs all calculations and logical
decisions in the computer system. E.g. +, -, /,
* etc and what if analysis in Excel.
2. Control operations of those operations.

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
3.
Immediate Access storage(Register): Is a very small
Registers
amount of very fast memory that is built into the
CPU (central processing unit) in order to speed up its
operations by providing quick access to commonly
used values Registers are used to store data during the
execution of a program.
 Register is contained in CPU-in arithmetic logic unit.
They are temporary memory that store data
temporarily during processing
 Provides working area for computation
 Hold programs instructions and data from main
memory into registers just before processing.
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 The CPU
(Hz),Speed
 The speed of CPU is measured in HERTZ
i.e., number of operations can be done
per second. Nowadays, we usually use KHz,
MHz, GHz (e.g.700 KHz, 300 MHz, 3.0 GHz)

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 Functions of
1.
2.
CPU
Control the sequence of operation
Give commands to all parts of the
computer system, Like keyboard, mouse,
Printer. etc
3. Interpret and execute program
instructions (software)
4. Communicate with the input device and
storage device

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
3. Output
These are devices that translate information
devices
processed by the computer into a form that
humans can understand.ie are the devices
which enables user of computer to get the
result of the processed data.
 Display the information to the user
 Example:
1. Monitor
2. Printer
3. Speakers
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 Categories of
1. Output
Softcopy:-Is the data that is shown on a
display screen or is in audio or voice e g:-
Monitor, Speakers etcSoft copy:

2. Hardcopy:- Is the printed output e g printer,

plotters etc. A printed paper is a good
example of Hard copy output.
Hard copy:Printed on paper or other
permanent media

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 Output devices

Monitor Printer Speaker

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 Monitor
This is the display device for a
personal computer. It display result in
a form of text, graphs, images, video
etc.

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 Types of Monitor
There are two types of monitor:
1. Cathode Ray Tube monitor (CRT)
2. Flat Panel/LCD (Liquid crystal
display) monitor.

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
CRT Monitors
Is Just like a television set. CRT monitors are
heavy and use more electrical power than flat
panel displays, but they are preferred by some
graphic artists for their accurate color
rendition, and preferred by some gamers for
faster response to rapidly changing graphics

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 LCD
 Flat-screen monitors are light in weight and
they take Monitors
. up very little desk space.
Have little energy consumption and have
liquid that reduce the intensity of contacted
rays.
Monitor screen size is measured diagonally
across the screen, in inches.

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
Printe
This is the output device which produces
r
the hardcopy (printed) output.

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 Types of Printer
1. Dot matrix
printers
2. Ink Jet Printer
3. Laser Printer

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 1. Dot Matrix

Printers
Quality is poor, the printers are
noisy

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 2. Ink Jet
 Its Cheap, high-quality, full-color printing. Also
Printer
it is perfect for photographs. Ink-jet printers are
very quiet in use.

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
3. Laser
Laser printers are very complex devices, and
Printer
thus expensive to buy. However they are very
cheap to use. It is very fast in printing
compared to other printers (just a few
seconds per page).

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 Speakers
 This is the output device which produces the
output in a form of sound.

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 Projector
 Projector: This is the hardware device that
enables an image to be projected onto a flat
surface. These devices are commonly used in
meetings and presentations as they allow for
a large image that everyone in a room can
see.

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4. Storage
Devices
Are devices used to saves data and programs.
TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES
 Temporary(Primary) storage devices
 Permanent (Secondary) Storage Devices

Temporary (Primary) storage devices

Is where the information to be processed is held and anything stored in will be
lost when the power is turned off .
Example: RAM (Random Access Memory)

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 Permanent(secondary)Storage
 devices
Is used to hold data and programs permanently
regardless whether power supply to computer is
on/off, it holds/store information permanently
for future use.
 A computer commonly has two types of
storage: Internal and External storage devices.
1. An Internal Storage e.g. Hard Disk Drive
(HDD)
2. An external / Removable Storage e.g. Floppy
disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, CD-ROM, DVD,
Flash disk etc.
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 Hard Disk Drive
(HDD)
 Hard disk Drive (HDD): This stores all
programs and files, as well as the operating
system. In general, all data, information you
have save in your computer are stored in
HDD.
 The capacity of the HDD is a measure of how
much information it can store. There are
HDD which have 10GB, 20GB, and 30GB ,
200 GB, 320GB, 500GB,1000GB etc.

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 HDD

Desktop Laptop External HDD

Computer
HDD
HDD

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Floppy Disk Drive
(FDD)
Floppy disk drive (FDD): This magnetically reads
and writes information onto floppy diskettes, which are
in form of removable storage media.
 The capacity of the floppy diskette is that it only holds
1.44 MB of information, although most PCs still have a
floppy drive.

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
Optical
Optical disk: Is a removable disk on which
Disks
data is written and read through the use of
laser beam
 Most of optical disk are used in music
industry. Examples of optical disks are;

1. CD-R (Compact Disk-Recordable).

2. CD-RW (Compact Disk Rewritable).
3. DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disk).

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 CD-ROM drive
 A CD-ROM drive: Is a secondary storage
device that reads information stored on a
compact disc. The CD-ROM is an optical
media that can hold about 700MB

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 There are two types of
CDs (Compact
disk).
1. CD-R (Compact Disc - Recordable).There
is no possibility of rewriting data
.

1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
CD-RW (Compact Disk - Rewritable)
2. CD-RW (Compact Disk - Rewritable).There
is possibility of rewriting data.

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 DVD ROM
DVD ROM: The DVD (Digital Versatile
Disc) looks like a CD, but the storage
capacity is significantly higher than
CDs. DVDs can hold about 4.7GB of
data up to 18 GB of data.

1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
 Flash
Flash Drive. A USB Flash Drive is
Drive
aportable solid state memory device that
plugs into a USB port on your computer.
They have many other names (such as key
drive, pocket drive, thumb drive, pen
drive).

1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
 5. Communication Devices
Communication devices used for the purpose of
linking/connecting computers together .It includes
Network cards, fiber optic cable, coaxial cable, twisted
pair ,modem, satellites, switch etc.

Modem
Network card

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
Computer
Computer Memory: Is a device which store
Memory
information that is currently being utilized/used
by the operating system, Application
software , Hardware devices etc.
Types of Computer Memory
 There are two types of computer
memory
i. Primary Memory/Main
Memory
ii. Secondary Memory
1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
1. Primary Memory/Main
Memory
 The Primary storage unit (main memory)
holds data and instructions between processing
steps and supplies them to the CU and ALU
during processing. All data and programs must
be placed into main memory before they can
be processed. The primary storage unit
consists of microelectronic semiconductor
memory chips. This includes RAM (random
access memory) for loading programs and data
before execution, and ROM (read only
memory) for permanent programs that are
1/4/2hsupplied
01a6rdware.with theDELHI-2021
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Cont…
 Main memory is where programs and data are
kept when the processor is actively using
them. It hold data temporary. Main memory is
closely connected to the processor, so moving
instructions and data into and out of the
processor is very fast. Workable example of
main memory is RAM(Random Access
Memory)
 RAM is considered as temporary or volatile
memory; this means that the contents of RAM
are lost when the computer power is turned
off.
1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
 (i)Random Access Memory
 RAM: Is the main memory space of your
(RAM)
computer which is considered as temporary or
volatile memory, this means that the contents of
RAM are lost when the Computer power is
turned off.
 The RAM is the workspace of your computer. If
your computer has more RAM, it can open more
and larger programs and documents
simultaneously. The documents you are currently
editing, typing, formatting, and the programs
your computer is using are stored in the RAM.
Note: RAM capacity is expressed in
―Megabytes‖ (MB)
1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
 RAM

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 Characteristics of
RAM
1. It is located near the CPU and hence store
data immediately after CPU process them.
2. RAM is a Primary storage.
3. RAM is Volatile storage.
4. RAM has little storage capacity.
5. RAM is a temporarily storage.
6. RAM has high speed compared to ROM
7. It is electrically dependent.

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 (ii)Read Only Memory
(ROM)
ROM: Is non- volatile memory; this means
that the contents of ROM are not lost when the
computer power is turned off. So ROM stores
data permanently. Data stored in ROM cannot
be altered easily; since it was created by the
manufacture of the computer.ROM has low
speed compared to RAM.

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 RO
M

1
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 Characteristics of
ROM
1. ROM stores data permanently
2. ROM is non-volatile storage.
3. ROM has low speed compared to RAM
4. Data stored in ROM cannot be altered
easily

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8
 Differences between Main memory
Differences between Main memory and and
secondary
memor secondary memory
y Primary memory Secondary
memory
1. Fast 1. Slow
2. Low capacity 2. Large capacity
3. Works directly with the 3. Not connected
processor directly to the
4. Store data temporary processor

5. It is electrically 4. Store data permanent

/d4/e2p01e6nde
1
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5.
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It is NOT electrically13010
d16ependent.
9
 2. Secondary
Secondary storage is used for long term (permanent)

Memory
storage of data and programs. The use of secondary
storage devices such as magnetic disks and optical
disks greatly enlarge the storage capacities of
computer systems. Before the contents of secondary
storage can be processed, they must be brought into
the primary (main) storage unit.
 Secondary memory is where programs and data are
kept on a long-term basis. Examples of secondary
memory are HDD,CD‘s, Flash disk.
 When you save your work does not go into ROM. Go
to other storage devices like HDD.

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0
Standard unit of measuring computer
storage capacity
 This includes the unit of measuring
Computer Storage Capacity and size of file
or folder.
 Bit: Is a smallest unit of measuring computer
storage capacity and size of information. The
computer stores information as a string of
zeros
(0) and ones (1)
 Byte: A byte consists of eight bits. A byte is
can be to
equals
1/6/2021
typed
oneon aDELHI-2021 .A character is a
character 132
1
1
1
Cont
 Kilobyte (KB): A kilobyte (KB) consists
…
of 1024 bytes, approx 1,000 bytes.
1KB is about 140 words
 Megabyte (MB): A megabyte (MB) consists
of 1024 kilobytes.
 One megabyte equals about 1000 KB
 One megabyte equals about 1,000,000 bytes
 One megabyte equals about 500 pages of
text, or one large book
 Gigabyte (GB): A gigabyte (GB) consists
of 1024 megabytes
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approx 1,000,000,000 11
DELHI-2021 2
Cont
 One gigabyte equals about 1000 MB
…
 One gigabyte equals about 1,000,000 KB
 One gigabyte equals about 1,000,000,000 bytes
 One gigabyte equals over 1,000 books of text
Storage Capacity Measurement
1. 1 Byte = 8Bits
2. 1 Character = 1Byte
3. 1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 Bytes
4. 1Kilobyte = 1024 Character
5. 1Megabytes (MB) = 1024KB
6. 1Gigabytes (GB) = 1024MB
7. 1Terabytes (TB) = 1024GB
8. 1Petabytes (PB) = 1024 Terabytes
11
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VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF PC

 The System Case/Computer Case/System unit/Chassis

 Motherboard/ main board /system board
 Central processing unit(CPU)
 Memory
 Power supply
 Fan
 Hard disk(HDD)
 Floppy disk(FDD)
 CD-ROM
 MONITOR, KEYBOARD, MOUSE,
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 Computer Case/System Case
 A computer case (also known as a computer
chassis, cabinet, box, and tower, enclosure,
housing or simply CPU case) is the
enclosure that contains the main
components of a computer. OR
 IS a metal or plastic box that protect the
important components against dust and
damage
 A computer case is sometimes
incorrectly referred to as a CPU .
11
1/6/2021 DELHI-2021 5
 Models of Computer
Cases
1. The desktop model
Sits on a desk horizontally. The monitor
can be set on top.
 This choice can be a space saver.

11
1/6/2021 DELHI-2021 6
2. Tower case Model
The tower model stands upright in a vertical
position that allows easy placement on the floor.
Mini-tower, mid-tower, and full tower cases are
available.

11
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Components inside the computer case

1
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8
 CD Power
Drive supply

Floppy
Drive Motherbo
RA ard,
M including
ROM
Fan
Proces
sor

Hard PCI
disk slots
11
1/6/2021 DELHI-2021 0
 Power
Supply

External
device
connections
to
motherboard

12
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 Hard drive
and empty
slot

Fan
CD
Dri
v e

Flopp
y
Drive 79
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- 1
Connections to the CPU for Peripherals

Monitor

Serial – on our computers

connects to the UPS for
controlled shutdown

1
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2

Motherboard
Motherboard is the largest printed circuit board which
is used to connect all of the computer's essential
components. Motherboard also known as system board,
main board or logic board
 Components of the Motherboard
 The CPU
 The RAM
 Memory sockets
 The expansion slots for additional boards
 The ports for external devices
 The Read Only memory (ROM)
 Adapter cards( Network, modem , Video and Sound Cards
1
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3
 MOTHERBOARD/SYSTEM
BOARD
adapter
processor
cards
chip

memory
chip

memory
Expansion slots
slots for motherboard
adapter
cards

1
1/6/2021 DELHI-2021 2
4
 Computer Software
What is Computer software?
 Software is a set of instructions that control computer
hardware operations. Basically it direct the computer
how to perform tasks. Also called Programs.
 Software: drives hardware to perform certain
functions. Without software the computer is useless.
 The software consists of the programs and associated
data (information) stored in the computer. A program
is a set of instructions that the computer follows to
manipulate data. Without programs, a computer is just
a lot of high-tech hardware that doesn‘t do anything.

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 Examples of Software's
.

1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
Types of Computer Software
Software can be divided into two
groups:
1. System Software
 Operating System
 Utility Programs
 Language translator
2. Application Software
 Word processor e.g. Ms Word
 Spreadsheet e.g. Ms Excel

1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
 System software
 System Software is the software that controls
the overall operation of the computer system.

 The system software is basically a software

that enables the application software to interact
with computer and helps the computer to
manage its internal as well as external
resources. System software is needed to run
application software.

1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
 Types of system software.

1. Operating System
2. Utility Programs
3. Language
Translator

1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
 Operating
System
OS: This is the principal component of system soft
ware in any computer system. It manages the basic
operation of computer system. The Examples of
OS are DOS, Windows, UNIX, LINUX etc.
OS: This is type of Software that manages all
other programs in a computer system. Also
it manages the flow of information through
the computer system.
Generally the OS acts as an interface or a
bridge between the user and the Hardware
of the computer
1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
system software

Operating System (OS)

is a set of programs
that coordinates all
activities among
Utility Programs allow the user
computer hardware to perform maintenance-type tasks
devices and allows usually related to managing a
users to run computer, its devices or its programs
application
software

1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
 The OS act as a “Shell” around the
hardware
For program to work, they need an OS, For users to get useful
work out of the computer they have to use applications programs
and the OS to communicate with the hardware

User

HARDWARE Application
Software
Operating System

Application
software

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1
3
Examples of System
Software's
 An operating system is the link between you and the
hardware/software
 DOS
 Windows 3

 Windows 95

 Windows 98

 Windows Millennium

 Windows NT

 Windows 2000

 Windows XP

 Others Operating systems(non-microsoft) are Macintosh and

Linux family including RedHat, Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora

etc
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 Functions of Operating

System
Coordinates all input and output devices during data
processing.
 File and folder management
 Management of all applications software
 Security Management
 Memory Management
 Process Management
 Resources allocation Management
 Provide User Interface

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File and folder management
when a file is saved, the operating system saves it, attaches a name
to it, and remembers where it put the file for future use.

Management of all applications software.

When a user requests a program, the operating system locates
the application and loads it into the primary memory or RAM of
the computer.
Process Management, booting, open, save, copy, send and print

Resource Management.
Installing drivers required for input, output, memory,
power, communication devices. Coordinating among
1
peripherals.
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Communication Management.
User – Application S/W – Hardware.
One computer to other computer in LAN/WAN.
Command interpretation
Memory Management.
Primary RAM-ROM.
Secondary – Hard Disc, CD, DVD, Pen etc.
Security Management.
Virus management.
Alert messages.
Dialogue boxes.
Firewall. 1
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6
 Utility Programs
 Utility Programs: These are pre-written programs
supplied by the manufacturer for maintaining day to
day activities of computer system.
Examples of utility programs are:
 Windows Explorer (File/Folder Management)
 Windows Media Player
 Anti-Virus Utilities
 Disk Defragmentation
 Disk Clean
 Backup
 WinZip
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7
Some tasks carried out by utility
programs
 Renaming files
 Sending files to the
Printer
 Deleting files
 Backing up files
 Copying files
 Sorting data
 Repairing damaged files
 Listing files on the a disk
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 Language Translator
A language translator is a soft ware that
translates a program written by a programmer
in a language such as C, HTML into machine
language (0, 1) which the computer
understands.

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 2. Application
Software
Applications software: Is the software developed to solve
particular problem or task.
Types of Application Software's
1. Application packages (e.g. Word processing
software, Spreadsheet software and database software)
2. Integrated Software: This is the collection of
application software which share common set of
commands e.g. word processor, Spreadsheet
and graphics package all in one.
3. Tailor-made Software (Specific Software)
4. General Purpose packages e.g. a word
processing
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149
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4
Application software
Suite: Popular software applications bundled together
as a single unit

Word
Processin Spreadsheet
g

Presentation
Database
Graphics

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 Application Software's
 Word processing
 Microsoft Word
 Spreadsheet
 Microsoft Excel
 Database
 Microsoft
Access
 Web browsing
 Microsoft
Internet
Explorer
 Accounting
 Sage

1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
 Examples of Application Software's
1. Opera (Web Browser
2. Microsoft Word (Word Processing)
3. Microsoft Excel (Spreadsheet software)
4. MySQL (Database Software)
5. Microsoft PowerPoint (Presentation
Software)
6. iTunes (Music / Sound Software)
7. VLC Media Player (Audio / Video Software )
8. World of War craft (Game Software)
9. Adobe Photoshop (Graphics Software)
1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
 Types of Computer
 Computers come in a variety of different
types designed for different purposes, with
different capabilities and costs. Computers
can be generally classified by size and power
as follows:
1. Microcomputers
2. Mainframe Computers
3. Mini Computer
4. Super Computers

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1. Microcomputers/Personal
computers
 A microcomputer is a small single-user computer
based on a microprocessor. They are often called
personal computers because they are designed to
be used by one person at a time.
 Personal computers are typically used at home,
at school, or at a business.
 Popular uses for microcomputers include word
processing, surfing the web, sending and
receiving e-mail, spreadsheet calculations,
database management, editing photographs,
creating graphics, and playing music or
games.
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 Types of
1. Microcomputers
Personal digital assistant (PDAs)
2. Desktop computers
3. Laptops
4. Palmtop Computers
5. Notebook Computers

1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
Personal Computers
What are the two most popular series of personal
computers?

 PC and compatibles use  Apple Macintosh uses

the Windows operating the Macintosh
system operating system
(Mac OS)

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Personal Computers
What is a desktop computer?
 Designed so all of the components fit on or under
a desk or table

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Handheld Computers
What is a tablet PC?

 Resembles a letter-sized slate

 Allows you to write on the screen
using a stylus
 Smaller version is the modular
computer

What are Web-enabled handheld

computers?

 Allow you to check e-mail and

access the Internet
 Web-enabled telephone is a “smart
1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
phone”
Handheld Computers
What is a personal digital assistant (PDA)?
 Provides personal organizer functions
 Calendar
 Appointment book
 Address book
 Calculator
 Notepad

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 2. Mainframe
 Computers
A mainframe is a computer which allows
multi-user and capability of supporting
many hundreds or thousands of users at a
time.
 This computer has more powerful
than Microcomputers.
 Mainframe computers can be used in Banks,
Large insurance companies, Building
societies, utility companies etc

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1
 Mainframe
Computer

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3. Minicomputer
Computers
 Minicomputers are computers small than
mainframe computers in terms of speed
and size but larger than microcomputer
 Minicomputers are characterized with
following features
 Support multi-user access
 Small in size usually took up to the size of
a large refrigerator or two
 Can process few millions of
program instructions per second

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 4. Super
 The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers
are Computer
used for weather forecasting, animated
graphics (movie films), nuclear energy
research, and petroleum exploration.
 Allows Multi-user and Capability of
supporting hundreds of millions users at a
time. This computer is most powerful and very
expensive compared to all types of computers

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 Super
Computer

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1655
 Summary ontypes of
No.
computer
Type Specifications

PC (Personal
1 Computer) Single user computer system. Moderately powerful microprocessor.

Single user computer system. Similar to Personal Computer but

2 WorkStation have more powerful microprocessor.

Multi-user computer system. Capable of supporting hundreds of

3 Mini Computer users simultaneously.

Multi-user computer system. Capable of supporting hundreds of

users simultaneously. Software technology is different from
4 Main Frame
minicomputer.

An extremely fast computer, which can perform hundreds of

5 Supercomputer
millions of instructions per second.
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6
Classification of
Computers

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Classification of Computers
1. In terms of manufacturer
 Dell computers
 IBM computers
 Hitachi computers
 Compaq computers
 HP computers etc

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2.In terms of power and
1. Supercomputers: used in military missile speed
speed
weapons (2000 MIPS)
2. Mainframe computers: Most normal computers in
business companies (20-50 MIPS)
3. Mini Computers: Medium size computer (5-10
MIPS)-useful for accounting, payroll/scientific
computation
4. Workstations: used bymainly by engineers
and scientist for sophisticated purposes
5. Microcomputer or personal computers: Small
computer that can fit next o a desk or on desktop.
They are available in desktop, tower, notebook, palm
top.
6. Microcontrollers-
calculators tiny computers
and microwave ovens. installed in pocket169
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5
 3.In terms of data type/construction
(technology)
1. Digital computer: display output
in discrete wave form
2. Analog computer: display results
ina continuous wave forms
3. Hybrid computer: combines features of
digital and analog computers

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4. Interms of
Purpose/Application
1. Special purpose/specific purpose
computer
 Personal/Digital Assistants
 Network Computers
2. General purpose computer

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5.Classification according to
Size
 Handheld
 Notebook
 Laptop
 Portable
 Desktop

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6.Classification-by Use
 Home
 Personal
 Professional
 Workstation
 Multi-user

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 7.In terms of Generation/History of
the Computers
 1st Generation(1940-1958): they include
ENIAC,IBM 360.701,704
 2nd Generation(1959-1963): Transistors
invented and put into use
 3rd Generation(1964-1970):IC chips
technology employed
 4th Generation (1971-to date):Larger scales
integrated (LSI) and Very large scale (VLSI)
were developed.

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 Advantages of Using
1.Computer
Computers are very Accurate. (GIGO)
2. Computer Simplify Communication
3. Entertainment through Games and Music
4. Computer creates employment to the people e.g.
Secretaries
5. Improve training e.g. in School, Universities
6. Computers are extremely fast
7. Computers can keep large amounts of information in a
small space
8. Computers can work continuously for 24 hours a day
without being tired
1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
Cont
…
9. Diligence-can work continuously for 24 hours
10.Consistency/diligent-always give the same result
without changes
11. Versatility-able to adapt or to be adopted to different
functions or activities
12. Automation-working by itself with little ornor
direct human control.

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 Disadvantages/Limitations of Computers
1. Loss of data. When you use a computer, it
is possible that data can be lost because of
hardware or software damage.
2. Health problems . Eye sight defect and killing of
reproductive cells especially for males
3. Staff needs training to use it.
4. It depends on electricity
5. Destruction of culture/moral decay .adoption of
wearing style and watching pornographic
movies
6. Computers can replace people and hence
7. cause unemployment
Computer are not always secure, and 167
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confidential information can be misused
Application of Computer in Different Area
1. Workplace: Many people use computers to keep
records, analyze data, do research, and manage
projects.
2. Military: for security purpose
3. Hospital: for disease detection and record
keeping
4. Learning institution: like colleges, universities,
primary and secondary school for registration and
learning tools.
5. Bank: all transaction in bank done by using
computer
6. Industry: for production, order and supply
168
Home:
7.1/6/2021
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Examples of Computer Usage

What are five categories of computer users?

Home Small Office/ Mobile

Home Office
(SOHO)

Large Business Power

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Examples of Computer Usage
What software is available for a home user?
• Web access
• Entertainment
• Communications

• Personal finance management

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Examples of Computer Usage
What software is available for a small
office/home office (SOHO) user?
 Local area network (LAN)

 Productivity software

 Specialty software

 Web usage

 E-mail

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Examples of Computer Usage
Notebook
What is available for
a mobile user? computers
 Hardware

 Software
 Productivity
 Presentation Handheld computers
 Personal
informatio
n manager

Web-
enabled
cellular
phones
1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
Examples of Computer Usage

What are the needs of the large business user?

 Web access
 Public kiosk
 Telecommuting
 Network
 Productivity software
 Scheduling

1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
Examples of Computer Usage

What are the needs of a power user?

 Speed and large amounts of storage

 Types of power users

 Engineers
 Architects
 Desktop publishers
 Graphic artists

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Computer Applications in Society
What are some examples
of computer
applications in society?

 Education
 Finance
 Government
 Healthcare
 Science
 Publishing
 Travel
 Industry

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Questions
1. Briefly explain how computer works
2. Briefly explain importance of using computer in
your study
3. What are the characteristics of computer?
4. Give short explanation about types of computer
5. What is computer software? Explain two types of
computer software.
6. Define computer user. Mention five types of
computer user

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Questions
1. What is the difference between registry and RAM?
2. Write differences between Primary memory and
secondary memory
3. Critically discuss the impact of using computer in our
life
4. With examples, briefly explain categories of computer
hardware

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Question
1. Define the following as applied in computer;
i. Data
ii. Information
iii. Computer literacy
iv. Peripheral device
v. Utility program
2. Why RAM is volatile memory and ROM is non-volatile
memory?

1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
 Question
Suppose your friend Mr. Johnson gave you the movie
file into flash disk. The size of the file was 2GB.But
when you send it into your computer the message
appeared as ―the disk space is full‖.Mr. Johnson
advice you to delete some folders from your computer
in order to have enough space. You deleted the folder
which has 3GB but when you send again the movie
still it showed the same message.
From the above scenario,
Briefly explain why the file failed to be transferred
from the flash disk into your computer?

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 Turning ON & Shutting
down the Computer
System

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 Switching ON the Computer System
1. Make sure all cable is well connected.
2. Switch on electric/power supply/ Switch Socket
3. Switch ON UPS if is connected to
your computer
4. Press on button of the system unit
5. Press ON button of monitor
6. Wait until Booting process complete its task
then you can start to use computer.

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 Switching OFF the Computer
System
1. Make sure no any program is running on
the task bar
2. Click on the start button
3. Click on turn off computer/ shutdown
button
4. Press switch on/off button of monitor
5. Switch off UPS
6. Switch of electric circuit.
7. Wait the computer until the monitor will
show black screen
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Features/elements of
windows based on
operating system (OS)

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Computer Booting Skills
Techniques
What is Booting?
 Booting is the process of turning ON the computer
System. This process includes initializing all your
hardware components in your computer and get them to
work together and to load your default operating system
which will make your computer operational. The
Operating system begins to operate as soon as you turn on
or boot the computer.
 Computer booting is the process of turning on a computer
and starting the operating system. The computer term
boot is short for bootstrap or bootstrap load. Booting is
the process that occurs when you press the power button
to turn your computer on. During this process (which
may
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 During Booting the computer
performs the following:
1. It runs tests to make sure everything
is working correctly.
2. It checks for new hardware.
3. It then starts up the operating
system.

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Key
terminologies
1. A boot loader is a computer program that
loads the main operating system or runtime
environment for the computer after completion
of self-tests.
Sometimes you'll see an instruction to
"reboot" the operating system.
2. Reboot: Is the process to restarting a
computer so as to reload the operating system
(The most familiar way to do these on PCs
is pressing the Ctrl, Alt, and Delete keys at
the
same 186
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 Types of Booting
There are two types of computer booting:
1. Cold booting
2. Warm booting.

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 1. Cold
 Cold booting is the kind of computer booting
Booting
where by a user turn on a computer that has
been powered off.If the computer is in off
state and we boot the Computer by pressing
the power switch ‗ON‘ from the system case
then it is called as cold booting.

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 2. Warm
 This isBooting
the kind of computer booting where by
a user restart the computer that has been
powered on. If the computer is already ‗ON‘
and we restart it by pressing the ‗RESET‘
button from the system box or CTRL, ALT and
DEL key simultaneously from the keyboard
then it is called warm booting.

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 Shutting Down the

Computer
Shut down is the process of turning off the computer. It is
important to properly shut down Windows when turning off
your computer—as opposed to just hitting the power switch.
Use the Shut Down command on the Start menu when
rebooting or turning off your computer. This allows Windows to
save your work and make sure that no data is lost.
 The following steps should be taken when exiting a Windows
session.
1. Close any program you are running. In most cases, use the
Exit command from the File menu.
2. Click the Start button and click Shut Down.
3. Select from the list of options. The number of options varies
depending on whether you are connected to a network or
not.
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 The Shut down windows dialog box

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Note
 Sometimes you want to log off without
turning your PC off. In this case, do not
choose to ―ShutDown‖ the computer, but
instead choose ―Log off‖.

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 Microsoft Windows
Features

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 Windows
Windows-is a graphical user interface (GUI)
kind of operating system.
It is more user friendly than other operating
systems in the market like Ms Dos, Macintosh,
Linux, Unix etc. Windows allow user to do
more with computer than other operating
systems
 Is an interface you see when you turn
on the computer system.
 It consist of the cursors, icons, menus etc which
allow the user to interact with the computer and get
s.omething done easily.
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1
9
 Basically Windows provideUser
interfaces which may be:

1. Command – driven
2. Menu- driven
3. Graphical User Interface (GUI)

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 Window
s File

Icons

Desktop

Notification
area

Status
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 Desktop
 Desktop-This is the first screen of a window
to appear when you turn on a computer and
enter user name and password.
 The desktop is the on-screen work area on
which Windows, Icons, menus & dialog
boxes appear.
 The desktop is the primary user interface of
a computer. When you boot up your
computer, the desktop is displayed once the
startup process is complete.
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 Elements of Desktop
1. The desktop background/wallpaper
2. Icons of files and folders.
3. Task bar, which is located at the bottom of the
screen by default.

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
Icons
Icon: is a small image that represents a file, folder or
program.
 Icons are symbols or pictures that represent items
stored on your computer. Some icons represent folders
(directories or groups), documents, programs, and even
computer hardware.

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 Types of Icons
1. Document icons: represent the files that you
create using software. Generally, document icons
resemble the program icon that created the file. For
example, a Word document has part of the same logo
as the Word application in which it was created.

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2. Original icons/Special
icons
 The icons that typically display when you first access
your Windows desktop are My Computer, My
Network Places, the Recycle Bin, and Internet
Explorer.

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 3. Application icons
 Icons that have a small white arrow in the lower left
corner are Shortcuts. The arrow indicates that the icon
is a shortcut that points to a program, folder, or other
item. A shortcut is a quick way to open a program or
file. Application (program) icons represent the
executable programs (software) available on your
computer. For example: Microsoft Word, Microsoft
PowerPoint, Microsoft Photoshop, and Microsoft
Excel.

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 Cont…
 Shortcut icon
Icons with an arrow in the lower left corner
are shortcut icons. Click the icon for quick
access to the object they represent (program,
document, printer, and so on).
 Program, folder, and document icons
Program, folder, and document icons do not
have an arrow in the lower left corner. They
represent the actual object and provide
direct access to the object.
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4. Folder
icons
 A folder is a tool used to collect related files or
folders. OR folder is a "container" in which you can
store documents. It allows user to organize information
and also it simplify the accessibility of information.
Folders can hold both files and other folders
(subfolders

1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
Cont
…
4. Recycle Bin holds deleted files, until you
Empty Recycle.

5. Internet Explorer is Microsoft's version of a Web

browser. This enables user to access internet

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 Taskbar
 Taskbar: Is a bar commonly located at the
bottom of the desktop that displays the
programs that are currently running (opened
task). This bar also displays the time, volume,
and in later revisions of the Windows operating
system, the Quick Launch Below is an
example of what the taskbar may look like.

Taskbar contains Start button, System tray,

opened task, and Quick launch toolbar.
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 Elements of aTask bar
1. Desk bands e.g. Internet Explorer
2. The notification area
3. Windows Media Player.
4. Desktop. Contains shortcuts to items
contained on the users desktop.
5. Quick Launch.

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 Folder, File & Directory
1. File: Is the item which contains
information. File can be text, image, video,
audio or program.
 Definition:A file is a collection of
information, with a unique name,
stored in your computer or on a
removable disk.

2. Folder: Is the container which store files.

3. Directory: Is the DELHI-2021
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 What is a
 Window
Window?
displays your
is a bordered rectangular screen which

program or document when it is open. or

This is a bordered rectangular screen display, through which a
user uses an opened program to perform a task

There are three major window types:

 Program,
 Document and
 Folder.
 Title Bar
 The title bar is at the top of the window. It displays the
document, program, or folder name, along with the
name of the application that is open (in program
windows only). 231
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 Window Control
 TheButtons
title bar also displays three small
buttons on the right of the title bar, which
change the display of the window:
 minimize,
 maximize
 restore, and
 close buttons.

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 Window Control buttons
1. Minimize button
This puts the current window temporarily in the taskbar located at
the bottom of the desktop. You can return to where you left
off by clicking the program‘s name on the task bar.
2. Maximize button
This makes the current window to fill the whole screen. The
window cannot be resized and it gives you a maximum
working area.
3. Restore button
When you maximize a window, the restore button replaces the
maximize button. Clicking the restore button displays the
window in its previous size and location.
4. Close button
The close button (on the right) closes the window. Click the close
1/4/2button
f0o1l6deronce to completely
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 Status
 A status bar is a small area at the bottom of a
window. It isBar
used by some applications to
display helpful information for the user. For
example, an open folder window on the
desktop may display the number of items in
the folder and how many items are selected.

1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
 Examples of Status
1. Barbar of a file manager
The status
2. The status bar of a web browser
3. The status bar of a graphics
editor.
4. The status bar of word processor.

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 Toolbar
 A toolbar often provides quick access to
functions that are commonly performed within
the program. For example, a formatting
toolbar in a program such as Microsoft Excel
 Row of boxes, often at the top of an
application window that control various
functions of the software

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Restart, Hibernate & Stand by the
Computer
 Restart/reboot: Is the process of restarting
the computer or electronic device. Rebooting
is sometimes necessary to recover from an
error, re-initialize drivers, or hardware
devices.
Types of Reboot
 Hard reboot: is when you turn the
computer completely off and then turn it
back on.
 Soft reboot is when the desktop just goes
away and then you get the reboot without
1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
having to turn the computer all the way off.
 Stand
 Sleep mode orby
Stand by Is a mode the
computer, monitor, or other device enters when
idle for too long. This mode helps conserve
power when a computer or computer device is
not in use without having to sacrifice the time
it would take to turn off and on the computer.

1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
 Hibernation (computing)
 Is a Power management mode that conserves
power by powering down the system. In
hibernate mode the current state of the system
is saved to the hard drive, and the system will
power down.
 When a user turns the system power back
on, the saved information is read from the
hard disk, restoring the last used settings.
 Hibernate mode is similar to sleep mode,
however in sleep mode the power cannot
shut
be
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2
7
 TOPIC TWO

BASIC COMPUTER NETWORK,INTERNET

AND ITS APPLICATION

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BASIC COMPUTER NETWORK
COMPUTER NETWORK

Interconnection of two or more computers in order for sharing resources

and information.
TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS

 Local Area Network (LAN)

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)

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NETWORK -TYPES
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
 A network situated in one geographic
location
(a office / school / factory

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

 A network which connects several LAN‘s /
users spread over a smaller geographic area
(a case of University of Dodoma)
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
 A network which connects several
LAN‘s / users spread over a larger
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 .Intranet
 Designed to permit access by users who
have access Privileges to the internal LAN
of the organization, Private network (LAN)
used to share resources in secure
environment
Extranets
 Refer to applications and services that are
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1
Networking Devices
Repeater
Hub
Bridge
Switch
Router
Gateway

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Network topology

Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements

(links, nodes, etc.) of a computer network. Essentially, it is the
topological structure of a network and may be depicted
physically or logically.

Types of Network topologies:

1 The Bus topology
2 Hub/Tree topology
3 Star topology
4 Ring topology
5 Mesh topology 2
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 2
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4
 Bus topology
Single cable connects all network nodes without intervening
connectivity devices
Devices share responsibility for getting data from one point
to another
Terminators stop signals after reaching end of wire
Prevent signal bounce
Inexpensive, not very scalable
Difficult to troubleshoot, not fault-tolerant

2
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Bus (continued)

2
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6
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bus
Topology
Advantages
This network can still function if one of the computers
malfunctions
 Works well for small networks
 Relatively inexpensive to implement
 Easy to add to it
Disadvantages
The main disadvantage is bad connection to the cable can bring
down the entire network
 Management costs can be high
 Potential for congestion with network traffic

2
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7
Ring Topology
Ring topology
Each node is connected to the two nearest nodes so the entire
network
forms a circle
One method for passing data on ring networks is token passing
Active topology
Each workstation transmits data

2
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8
 Advantages and Disadvantages
of Ring Topology
Advantages
This network can still function if one of the computers
malfunctions
Easier to manage; easier to locate a defective node or cable
problem
 Well-suited for transmitting signals over long distances on
a LAN
 Handles high-volume network traffic
Enables reliable communication
Disadvantages
 Expensive
 Requires more cable and
network equipment at the start
•Fewer options for expansion to high-speed
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9
 Star topology

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 Star topology

Star topology
Every node on the network is connected through a
central device

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Star (continued)
Any single cable connects only two devices
Cabling problems affect two nodes at most
Requires more cabling than ring or bus networks
More fault-tolerant
Easily moved, isolated, or interconnected with other
networks
Scalable
Supports max of 1024 addressable nodes on logical
network

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 Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
of Star Topology
 Good option for modern networks
 Low startup costs
 Easy to manage
 Offers opportunities for expansion
 Most popular topology in use; wide variety of equipment
available
Disadvantages
 Hub is a single point of failure
The communications in the network will stop if the host computer
stops functioning
 Requires more cable than the bus

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 A Hub/Tree Network

Hub

End node

Hub

Hub Hub Hub

A Hub / Tree Network

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 Tree Network
In hub or tree network, the wires that are used to connect different nodes
are collapsed into a central unit, called hub.
Hub does not perform switching function.
It consists of repeaters that retransmitted all the signals from nodes to all other
nodes in the same way.
The multipoint nature of tree topology gives rise to several problems.
1. The access control is fairly difficult to determine the time slot for each node.
2. Another problem with multipoint is signal balancing.

2
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 Internet

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 What is
 Internet?
Is the Worldwide collection of networks that
connects millionsof computers.OR
Is a global network in which million of computers are connected
together worldwide to facilitate communication among users. E.g.
sending and receiving e-mails, online talking, instant message,
teleconferencing, video conferencing etc. OR
Is the network of the networks that connect government, people,
business etc all over the world
Internet can also be defined as World wide network of computer
making information available to everyone.

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These Computers are connected
through
1. Telephone lines: telephone lines internet
signals from one place to another and
the signals are translated by modems.
2. Cables in the ground: the use of optical cables
which are laid in the ground then they connect
different devices. optical cables transmit
signals with a speed of light.(3x108m/s)
3. Satellite in space: satellite dishes capture
signals from satellites in space and transmits
them to their required destinations.

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
Modem
A modem is used to translate information transferred
through telephone lines or cable and from satellite
dishes.
 The term stands for modulate and demodulate which
changes the signal from digital, which computers use,
to analog, which telephones use and then back again.
 A high speed connection also requires a modem but
because the information is transferred digitally it isn't
required to change the signal from digital to analog but
is used to create the connection between your
computer and the computer you are connecting with.
Protocol
 Set of rules that determine how data are exchanged
between different computers.
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 Example of Internet

State
10
house, Sydney
Downing
Tanz n House,
Street,
a ia Australia
London,
England
The Internet

Jim’s
Patel’s Fine Skateboa d 263
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S i l ks, r s 4
 Advantages ofusing
1. Internet
Sharing files
2. Improving customer service
3. Communication
 Exchange e-mail
 Chat

4. Shopping
5. Learning
6. Entertainment
7. Sharing other devices (printers)
8. Central administration of all devices
9. Supporting network applications
like:E- mail,Database services 264
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 Disadvantages ofusing
1. Viruses threat
Internet
Today, Internet is the most popular source of spreading
viruses. Most of the viruses transfer from one
computer to another through e-mail or when
information is downloaded on the Internet. These
viruses create different problems in your computer.
For example, they can affect the performance of your
computer and damage valuable data and software
stored in your computer.
2. Security Problems
The valuable websites can be damaged by hackers and
your valuable data may be deleted. Similarly,
confidential data may be accessed by unauthorized 265
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Cont
3. Immorality
…
Some websites contains immoral materials in
the form of text, pictures or movies etc. These
websites damage the character of new
generation.
4. Filtration of Information
When a keyword is given to a search engine to
search information of a specific topic, a large
number of related links a displayed. In this
case, it becomes difficult to filter out the
required
information. 266
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3
Cont
5. Accuracy of Information
…
A lot of information about a particular topic is stored
on the websites. Some information may be incorrect or
not authentic. So, it becomes difficult to select the
correct information. Sometimes you may be confused.
6. Wastage of times
A lot of time is wasted to collect the information on the
Internet. Some people waste a lot of time in chatting or
to play games. At home and offices, most of the people
use Internet without any positive purpose.
7. English language problems
Most of the information on the Internet is available in
English language. So, some people cannot avail the
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4
Make sure you understand each
terminology!
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) - The coding language used to
create documents for use on the World Wide Web.
HTTP (Hyper Text Transport Protocol) - the set of rules for exchanging files
(text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World
Wide Web. Http is termed as the protocol that facilitate exchanges of electronic
files in the World Wide Web
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) - The Internet address. The prefix of a
URL indicates which area of the Internet will be accessed. URLs look
differently depending on the Internet resource you are seeking.
Examples. http.www.google.com , www.tpsc.ac.tz
Webpage –A web page is a document created with HTML that is part of a
group of
hypertext documents or resources available on the World Wide Web.
Collectively, these documents and resources form a web site. Every Web page is
identified by a unique URL.

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Website –A Web site is a related collection of related Webpages files (World Wide
Web (WWW) files) that includes a beginning file called a home page.
For Example https://www.udom.ac.tz
http - stands for the hypertext transport
protocol www- world wide web
udom- website name
ac- academic( this means, com- commercial,
mil-military etc.)(organization name)
tz- Tanzania(country name, so for Kenya .ke,
Uganda .ug etc.)

What is home page?

The beginning "page" of any site.
The first page that a Web site presents
Often provides connections to other Web pages

itsWorld
1/o4w/2Wide
n01p6rotocol
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(WWW) T NrAaMns
is aCDELHI-2021
system f-
ofSInternet 2
servers that supports hypertext
4
e2r0P15ro/2to0c1o6l (HTTP). 6
 www
 WWW: is a system of interlinked hypertext documents
accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view
web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other
multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks.

A Web site is
a collection
of
related Web A Web page
pages contains text,
graphics, sound, You can share
video, and links to information by
other Web pages creating Web pages
or posting photos
on a photo
community
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 Internet
 Apart from the www, the internet ca be used to send
resources
electronic
computers.
mail ( e-mail) and to transfer files between
File transfer Protocol( FTP) is a program the allow you
to transfer files between computers on the internet
as distinct from transferring files for immediate
viewing
Download--To copy data from a remote computer (internet) to a
local computer. Or
Transferring a file from a remote computer to your own
computer
Upload—To send data from a local computer to a remote
computer
(internet).or Sending a file to a remote computer
 Other facilities available on the internet include NEWS
GROUPS for the dissemination
1/6/2021 DELHI-2021 of information to
interested groups, and Internet Relay Chat which allows
 Web
 Browser
is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and
traversing information resources on the World Wide Web.
 A web browser isa software that allows you to
view, navigate and interact with the World Wide
Web.
 A Browser is a program that allows a person to view
pages over the Internet and to navigate/move from one
page to another by the use of links found in the WebPages
Examples of browsers are such as:
1. Mozilla Firefox
2. Opera
3. Safari
4. Netscape Navigator
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Microsoft CNAMS-2015/2016
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5.
61. /4/20G1o6ogleInternet
chrome,Explorer
 Opening Internet

Explorer
There are several ways which you can use to Start
Microsoft Internet Explorer
 1st Option
 Click Start Button
 Select All Programs
 Select Microsoft Office
 Click Microsoft Internet Explorer

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 Opening Internet Explorer
2nd Option
If there is a shortcut to Microsoft Internet
Explorer at the Desktop:

 Double click the Icon

OR
 Right Click the Icon
 Click Open
OR
 Click the Icon once
 Press the Enter Key

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 Internet explorer
.
window
Title bar Help menu
Standard
buttons

Address
(URL)

Web
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What is a web address? Uniform
Resource Locators (URLS)

 A web address is a collection of pages on

the web owned by an individual or
organization.
 The first page of a website is the home page
 Every web page has a unique address. This is
known as a URL ( Uniform Resource Locator)
it usually begins with ‗http://www: (http
stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol and
tells a web browser that it is looking for a web
page.)
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 Addresses or Uniform Resource
Locators (URLs)
 These are addresses of website that you are visiting .The URL or
address is often shown beginning with http; this stands for Hypertext
transfer protocol which is assumed, so it is not necessary to type it,
i.e. http://www.esb.co.tz
The URL/address is usually made up of the following parts;
i)WWW (World Wide Web)
ii) Some letters or characters which
indicate the organization e.g.
www.tpsc.ac.tz
iii)Some letters which describe the type of
the organization eg.
www.udom.ac.tz(ac stands for academic)
www.ucc.co.tz(co and com stands for
commercial Organization
www.elct.org, www.mwakasege.org (org
stands for non profit - making
1/6/2021 DELHI-2021
organization)
 Web address
 cont.
Most modern browsers have ‗http://‘ stored
so you can start at ‗www‘. Some URLs
include:
 http://www.bbc.co.uk
 http://www.bargainholdays.com
 http://www.nhm.ac.uk
 http://www.isvgroup.co/ittest
 The text after the www shows the domain
name, the organization's name- e.g. BBC,
bargainholdays and nhm (Natural History
Museum) the type of site, - e.g. .co and .com
are commercial companies; ac is an academic
community, and the country, - e.g.uk is United
Kingdom.
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 Structure of aWeb Address
http://www.microsoft.com

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 Searching Engine
 is a software system that is designed to search for
information on the World Wide Web.
 The information searched may be a mix of web pages,
images, and other types of files.
 Is a means of searching for information that can be found on the
internet.

 For example when accessing a search engine you

might specify that you want to search for information
about
‗Polar Bears‘ then search engine would return all the
URLs
(addresses) it knows about it.
 Allows you to search for relevant information on the
Web
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7
Examples of search engines:
1. www.google.com
2. www.yahoo.com
3. www.ask.co.uk
4. www.altavista.com
5. www.cycons.com
6. www.mamma.com
7. www.hotbot.com
8. www.excite.co.uk
9. http://www.Infoseek.com
10. www.baidu.com
11. www.bing.com
12. www.msn.com

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 Internet
Services
1. Internet Banking
2. E-government
3. E-Learning
4. E- commerce/E- business
5. E-marketing
6. Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP).
7. E-mail
8. Instant Messaging
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ng 259
 Internet Banking

Internet banking is the electronic banking via

the internet.
Internet banking is referred to as the systems
of banking in customers can view their
account details, pay bills and transfer money
by means of the internet.

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Advantages and Disadvantages
of Internet Banking
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Theft of money due
 It is fast
to hacking etc.
It simplify banking Expensive to run and
Activities because difficult to manage
users can have access
to their money
anywhere in the world.

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1
E-Governance
E-Governance is the application of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) for delivering
government services, exchange of information
communication transactions, integration various stand-one
systems and services between Government-to-Citizens
(G2C), Government-to-Business(G2B),Government-to-
Government( G2G) as well as back office processes and
interactions within the entire government frame work.
Through the e-Governance, the government services will be
made available to the citizens in a convenient, efficient and
transparent manner.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of
E-Governance
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
It promote transparency It is expensive to run
to the government sector
and manage
and encourages
Difficult to
democratization
 It enforce implement
accountability
Speed, efficiency, and
convenience It help to
improve public services

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 E-learning

E-learning is the computer and network-enabled

transfer of skills and knowledge. E-learning
applications and processes include Web-based
learning, computer-based learning, virtual
education opportunities and digital collaboration.
Content is delivered via the Internet,
intranet/extranet, audio or video tape, satellite TV,
and CD-ROM. It can be self-paced or instructor-
led and includes media in the form of text, image,
animation, streaming video and 2
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4
Advantages and Disadvantages of
E-Learning
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Facilitate distance Poor or No face to
learning face
Simplify access to communication
learning materials between teacher and
such as books, students
journals and articles It easy for students to
A tutor can a teach cheat
many students at It requires expensive
once facilities and 2
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technology 6
5
 E- commerce
E-commerce is the use of internet to engage in the
exchange, including buying and selling, of products and
services requiring transportation, either physically or
digitally, from location to location.
OR
Is the process of buying and selling goods or services
across the internet
The following are key stage of E-commerce
processes
 Buyer find seller
 Selection of goods
 Negotiation
 Sale
 Payment 2
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Delivery
Post-sale activity
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Advantages and Disadvantages of
E- commerce
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
It simplify buying and  Computer hacking
selling processes
It promote customer
relations through storing
 Computer theft; Fake
customer information websites that pretends
and tracing customer to sell products while
buying history they don't
It enables start-up and
small- and medium-sized
enterprises to reach the
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 Voice Over Internet Protocol
(VoIP).
Vo IP is a technology that allows users to
make voice calls using a broadband Internet
connection instead of a regular (or analog)
phone line.

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8
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Voice Over Internet Protocol
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Cheaper to make Not all VoIP services
connect directly to
international calls than
emergency services
the traditional phone. through 9-1-1.
VoIP providers may or
may not offer directory
assistance/white page
listings
Some VoIP services don't
work during power outages
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 E-mail
Electronic mail, commonly known as email or e-mail, is
a method of exchanging digital messages from an author
to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across
the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email
systems required that the author and the recipient both be
online at the same time, in common with instant
messaging.
 Email is a messaging system which can be used to
transmit text messages and file attachments,
attachments can be word processing documents,
graphics, video and sound.

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 E-mail Address
 E-mail addresses are made up of certain
components that help to route it to the
proper recipient, just like postal
address on the envelope. E.g.
salama@udom.ac.tz
1. salama is the user name
2. @ is at sign which serves as a divider
between e-mail sections.
3. ac.tz is the domain name which is the name
of the user‘semail system or location
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 The Advantages of E-
1. mail
It's fast - Messages can be sent
anywhere around the world in an instant
2. It's cheap - Transmission usually costs
nothing, or at the most, very little
3. It's simple - Easy to use, after initial set-up
4. It's efficient - Sending to a group can be
done in one step
5. It's versatile - Pictures, power points or
other files can be sent too

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The Disadvantages
1. Email can become time consuming for answering
complicated questions and misunderstandings can arise
because cultural differences in the interpretation of
certain words. The telephone is much better for
providing detailed answers or if you feel that the
question is not absolutely clear.
2. Email can compromise the security of an organization
because sensitive information can be easily distributed
accidentally or deliberately. Email should be entrusted
to well trained and trusted staff members.
3. Email can become impersonal or misunderstood.

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Application of E-Mail in Daily
1. Using email for business
life
Email is a powerful, low-cost communications tool that businesses are using
to market their goods, provide better customer service and work
more efficiently.
2. Marketing by email
Email can provide a cost-effective way of marketing. Customers can be
targeted cheaply and instantly and, unlike other forms of marketing,
emails
can be easily and quickly forwarded to colleagues or friends. Encouraging
the
recipients of marketing emails to forward them on is known as
viral marketing.
3. Improving customer service
Email can be used to improve customer service. Encouraging
customers to
contact you by email can benefit both parties - they do not have to hang on
the phone or make contact in working hours and you do not have to respond
immediately,
of which can free upalthough
electronic communication, staff from answering
they the phone.
have to send information on
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pa1/3Communication
p42e/02r2 0 1 6
if s h a r e h olders askwith shareholders 4
 Videoconferencing
 Videoconferencing is a set of
telecommunication technologies which allow
two or more locations to interact via two-way
video and audio transmissions
simultaneously.

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 Social Websites/Networks
 There are websites called social websites where people can
share their views as well as exchange ideas. examples of
these social networks are:
1. Face book
2. Twitter
3. What sup
4. Instagram.com
5. Marafiki.com
6. hi5,etc
 Joining in these social network you need to sign up by
giving your email address and choosing a user name
and password which you will be using for logging in.
 After logging in you can find your friends and upload 323
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your
pictures.. 2
7
1.
Review Questions
What do you understand by computer hardware as used in ICT?
2. There are four broad categories of computer hardware in terms
of functions
A. Describe the four categories
B. List down at least two components from each hardware
category
C. Describe how the listed components function
3. Data, information and instructions (programs or software) are
stored into computer memories
A. Compare and contrast primary memory and secondary
memory
B. What is the difference between magnetic disk storage
devices
and magnetic tape storage devices
C. What is the difference between CD-ROM, CD-R, and
1/6/2021 CD-RW DELHI-2021
 Review
4. In ICT, in order Questions
for computer-related devices to
communicate with one another, telecommunication
devices are necessary
A. What do you understand by telecommunication system?
B. List and describe any telecommunication devices you have
seen or just heard of them
C. These days a good number of organizations have their
computer networks connected to the internet. The
connection to the internet can be via VSAT or leased TTCL
line. What is the difference between the two types of
connection to the internet? Which one is more expensive
than the other? Which one is more reliable?
D. Local area network can be wired or wireless. What
is the difference between the two?

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 Review
5. Questions
What is computer software?
6. What is the difference between computer hardware and
computer software?
7. Computer hardware without software is useless
WHILE computer software without
computer hardware is meaningless. Discuss!
8. What are the main roles of computer system software
or operating like Microsoft Windows or
Linux/Unix?
9. What is the difference between operating
system software and applications
software?
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 Review
Questions
10. We have discussed Microsoft Windows 7 in our subject.
Whatare the main features of the desktop operating system?
11. Using MSWXP
 How do you set and change desktop/display properties of
your computer screen?
 How do you change point device properties of a
conventional mouse?
 How do you set screen saver? What is it anyway?
 When you attempt to rearrange icons on your desktop they
go back to their previous positions, what might be the
problem? How do you rectify it?
11. There are various versions of Microsoft Windows like XP, NT,
2003, 2000, 7, etc. is there anything in common? Any
significance difference(s)? 327
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 Review
13. What is a web browser?
Questions
14. Every web page has a unique address. This is known as………
15. What http://www stands for?
16. Write two examples of a domain name
17. There are many ways that you can find information on the
web: mention 2 ofthem
18. Write 5 advantages of network
19. Mention types of network
20. Mention types of server
21. What are network hardware?
22. What are network-devices?
23. What are tools used as network connection devices?
24. What are transmission devices?
25. Give at least 5 network topologies
26. What does a typical URL look like

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 Review
Questions
Qn: Define the term bellow(20
marks)
1. Operating system
2. System software
3. Utility program
4. Internet
5. Recycle bin
6. File directory
7. Folder directory
8. Application software
9. Cold booting
10. Warm booting
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 Review
Questions
28. In briefly explain five types of computer.
29. In brieflyexplain the advantages of using internet
30. Mention at least any five examples of Application
and System software's.
31. What are the advantages of using computer in daily
life?
32. What are the bottlenecks of using a computer
system?
33. Explain the basic functions of a computer system
34. Mention the functions of a CPU
35. What are the components of any system?
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 Review
Questions
36. If you press a delete button after selecting a file , then the
file
will move to
a) Recycle Bin
b) Dust Bin
c) Waste Bin
d) My Documents
37. Software needs to be installed on a computer, usually from
e) CD
f) Floppy
g) Flash
h) External hard disk

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 Review
Questions
38. Booting is the process of turning ON the computer
System. This process includes initializing all your
hardware components in your computer and gets them
to work together and to load your default operating
system which will make your computer operational.
The Operating system begins to operate as soon as you
turn on or boot the computer system.
A. Mention any three processes occurs when the OS is
booting
B. Mention and define two types of booting.

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 Review
Questions
39. Outline any seven(7) advantages of using
computer in our daily life.
40. Name the devices labeled.

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63
 Review
Questions
41. Mr. Salama has two laptop computers, Dell and
Toshiba, Dell computer is more powerful and
expensive compared to Toshiba computer that means it
store large amount of data and process data very
quickly.
A. Mention any three computer components (hardware)
which made Dell Computer to be more powerful than
Toshiba computer.
B. Advice Mr. Salama on how to protect his laptops
from unauthorized users to access without his
permission.
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 Review Questions
42. Fill in the word the following abbreviation.
1. USB
2. OS
3. PDF
4. CRT
5. LCD
6. GIGO
7. WYIWYG
8. BIOS
9. UPS
10. ALU
11. CPU
12. VDU
13. HDD
14. RAM
15. ROM

16. CD
17. CD-R
18. CD-RW
19. DVD 288
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 Review
Questions
43. Discuss any five roles of a bio component of a
computer system.
44. List down any two Pros and Cons of using a computer
system
45. Identify at least four areas where do you think the
business activities cannot be done without using
computer. Give one example in each case.
46. Describe Clearly the function of ach component that
makes up the entire computer system.
47. State at least three reasons to support the assertion
that
―Without software, the computer is useless‖
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 END
Prepared by Mr. Salama, Mr. Aruna,
Mr. Alberto and Mr. Steven

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