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Capacitors PCA Eric
Capacitors PCA Eric
• Introduction
• Capacitors
• Series and Parallel Capacitors
• Inductors
• Series and Parallel Inductors
2
Introduction
• Resistor: a passive element which dissipates
energy only
• Two important passive linear circuit elements:
1) Capacitor
2) Inductor
• Capacitor and inductor can store energy only and
they can neither generate nor dissipate energy.
3
Michael Faraday (1971-1867)
4
Capacitors
• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulator (or dielectric).
εA
C
d
r 0
12
0 8.854 10 (F/m)
5
εA
C
d
• Three factors affecting the value of capacitance:
1. Area: the larger the area, the greater the capacitance.
2. Spacing between the plates: the smaller the spacing,
the greater the capacitance.
3. Material permittivity: the higher the permittivity, the
greater the capacitance.
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Clases de Capacitors
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Variable Capacitors
Variable capacitors
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Símbolo Capacitor
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Esquemático Capacitor
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Charge in Capacitors
• The relation between the charge in plates and the
voltage across a capacitor is given below.
q Cv
q Linear
1F 1 C/V Nonlinear
11
Voltage Limit on a Capacitor
• Since q=Cv, the plate charge increases as the
voltage increases. The electric field intensity
between two plates increases. If the voltage across
the capacitor is so large that the field intensity is
large enough to break down the insulation of the
dielectric, the capacitor is out of work. Hence,
every practical capacitor has a maximum limit on its
operating voltage.
12
I-V Relation of Capacitor
dq dv
+ i q Cv, i C
C
dt dt
v
13
Physical Meaning +
dv i
iC C
dt v
-
• when v is a constant voltage, then i=0; a constant
voltage across a capacitor creates no current through
the capacitor, the capacitor in this case is the same as an
open circuit.
• If v is abruptly changed, then the current will have an
infinite value that is practically impossible. Hence, a
capacitor is impossible to have an abrupt change in its
voltage except an infinite current is applied.
14
Voltage in Capacitor
• A capacitor is an open circuit to dc.
• The voltage on a capacitor cannot change abruptly.
Abrupt change
15
dv 1 t +
v() 0
i
iC v(t ) idt
dt C v C
1 t
v(t ) idt v(to)
C to
v(to) q(to) / C -
16
Energy Storing in Capacitor
dv
p vi Cv
dt
t t dv v (t ) 1 2
w pdt C v dt C v ( ) vdv Cv v (t )
v ( )
dt 2
1
w(t ) Cv (t )
2
( v( ) 0) + i
2 C
v
q 2 (t )
w(t ) -
2C
17
Model of Practical Capacitor
18
Example
(a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF capacitor
with 20V across it.
(b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.
19
Example
Solution: q Cv,
(a) Since
12
q 3 10 20 60pC
20
Example
• The voltage across a 5- F capacitor is
v(t ) 10 cos 6000t V
Calculate the current through it.
Solution:
• By definition, the current is
dv 6 d
iC 5 10 (10 cos 6000t )
dt dt
5 10 6 6000 10 sin 6000t 0.3 sin 6000t A
21
Example 6.3
• Determine the voltage across a 2-F capacitor if the
current through it is
3000t
i (t ) 6e mA
Assume that the initial capacitor voltage is zero.
Solution:v 1 t idt v (0) and v(0) 0,
• Since C
0
1 t 3000 t 3 10 3000t t
3
v 6 0
6 e 3
dt 10 e
2 10 3000 0
3000t
(1 e )V
22
Example 2
• Determine the current through a 200- F capacitor
whose voltage is shown in Fig 6.9.
23
Example 3
Solution:
• The voltage waveform can be described
mathematically as
50t V 0 t 1
100 50t V 1 t 3
v(t )
200 50t V 3t 4
0 otherwise
24
Example 3
• Since i = C dv/dt and C = 200 F, we take the
derivative of to obtain
50 0 t 1 10mA 0 t 1
6 50 1 t 3 10mA 1 t 3
i (t ) 200 10
50 3 t 4 10mA 3t 4
0 otherwise 0 otherwise
25
Example 3
26
Example 4
• Obtain the energy stored in each capacitor in Fig.
6.12(a) under dc condition.
27
Example 4
Solution:
• Under dc condition, we replace each capacitor with
an open circuit. By current division,
3
i (6mA) 2mA
3 2 4
v1 2000 i 4 V, v 2 4000i 8 V
1 1 3
w1 C1v1 (2 10 )(4) 16mJ
2 2
2 2
1 1 3
w2 C2 v2 (4 10 )(8) 128mJ
2 2
2 2
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Example 5
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Series and Parallel Capacitors
Ceq C1 C2 C3 .... C N
30
Series and Parallel Capacitors
i i1 i2 i3 ... iN
dv dv dv dv
i C1 C2 C3 ... C N
dt dt dt dt
N
dv dv
C K Ceq
k 1 dt dt
Ceq C1 C2 C3 .... C N
• The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-connected
capacitors is the sum of the individual capacitance.
31
Series and Parallel Capacitors
1 1 1 1 1
...
Ceq C1 C2 C3 CN
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Series and Parallel Capacitors
v(t ) v1 (t ) v2 (t ) ... v N (t )
1 t 1 1 1 1 t
Ceq id ( C1 C2 C3 ... C N )id
q (t ) q (t ) q (t ) q (t )
Ceq C1 C2 CN
1 1 1 C1C2
Ceq
Ceq C1 C2 C1 C2
33
Summary
• These results enable us to look the capacitor in this
way: 1/C has the equivalent effect as the resistance.
The equivalent capacitor of capacitors connected in
parallel or series can be obtained via this point of
view, so is the Y-△ connection and its
transformation
34
Example 6
• Find the equivalent capacitance seen between
terminals a and b of the circuit in Fig 6.16.
35
Example 6.
Solution:
20 F and 5 F capacitors are in series:
20 5
4 F
20 5
4 F capacitor is in parallel with the 6 F
and 20 F capacitors:
4 6 20 30F
30 F capacitor is in series with
the 60 F capacitor.
30 60
Ceq F 20F
30 60
36
Example 7
• For the circuit in Fig 6.18, find the voltage across
each capacitor.
37
Example 6.7
38
Example 6.7
Solution:
• Two parallel capacitors:
1
Ceq 1 1 1 mF 10mF
60 30 20
• Total charge
3
q Ceq v 10 10 30 0.3 C
• This is the charge on the 20-mF and 30-mF capacitors,
because they are in series with the 30-v source. ( A crude
way to see this is to imagine that charge acts like current,
since i = dq/dt)
39
Example 7 q 0.3
• Therefore, v1 3
15 V,
C1 20 10
q 0.3
v2 3
10 V
C2 30 10
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Aplicaciones
• Baterías.
• Memorias.
• Fuentes de alimentación.
• Filtros.
42
Clases de Condensadores
43 /
Clases de Condensadores
De Mica Electrolytic
Tantalio
De Plástico
Ceramics
Variables
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