PHYSICAL SCIENCE

HELLO!
I am Chinee Ursua!
From 11 ABM Ruby
 Invention Made Out of the
Discovery of the Wave-particle
Duality of Electron
What is Wave-Particle Duality of Electrons?
According to WIKIPEDIA:
Wave–particle duality is the
concept in quantum mechanics
that every particle or quantum
entity may be described as either a
particle or a wave. It expresses the
inability of the classical concepts
"particle" or "wave" to fully
describe the behaviour of
quantum-scale objects.
According to THE
CONVERSATION:
The energy of the electron is deposited
at a point, just as if it was a particle. So
while the electron propagates through
space like a wave, it interacts at a point
like a particle. This is known as wave-
particle duality.
How was it discovered?
✘ On the basis of experimental evidence, German Physicist
Albert Einstein first showed (1905) that light, which had
been considered a form of electromagnetic waves, must
also be thought of as particle-like, localized in packets of
discrete energy.
✘ The observations of the Compton effect (1922) by
American Physicist Arthur Holly Compton could be
explained only if light had a wave-particle duality.
✘ French physicist Louis de Broglie proposed (1924) that
electrons and other discrete bits of matter, which until then
had been conceived only as material particles, also have
wave properties such as wavelength and frequency.
How was it discovered?
✘ Later (1927) the wave nature of electrons was
experimentally established by American physicists Clinton
Davisson and Lester Germer and independently by English
physicist George Paget Thomson.
✘ An understanding of the complementary relation between
the wave aspects and the particle aspects of the same
phenomenon was announced by Danish physicist Niels
Bohr in 1928.
 What invention was made
because of the discovery of wave-
particle duality of electrons?
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hitachi-hightech.com%2Fproducts%2Fimages%2F11926%2Fem-hf3300_main.png&imgref
url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hitachi-hightech.com%2Fglobal%2Fproduct_detail%2F%3Fpn%3Dem-hf3300&tbnid=_oHuDKdj7h1Y8M&vet=1&docid=Dto9
vKADZOv2jM&w=353&h=250&hl=en-PH&source=sh%2Fx%2Fim

Electron Microscope
Electron Microscope
We have seen that under certain circumstances particles behave like waves.
This idea is used in the electron microscope which is a type of microscope that
uses electrons to create an image of the target. It has much higher
magnification or resolving power than a normal light microscope, up to two
million times, allowing it to see smaller objects and details.We have seen that
under certain circumstances particles behave like waves. This idea is used in
the electron microscope which is a type of microscope that uses electrons to
create an image of the target. It has much higher magnification or resolving
power than a normal light microscope, up to two million times, allowing it to
see smaller objects and details.
Electron Microscope
In the electron microscope, electrons which are emitted by a cathode are
formed into a beam using magnetic lenses. This electron beam is then passed
through a very thin target. Again, the regions in the target with higher densities
stop the electrons more easily. So, the number of electrons which pass through
the different regions of the target depends on their densities. This means that
the partially transmitted beam of electrons carries information about the
densities of the inner structure of the target. The spatial variation in this
information (the “image”) is then magnified by a series of magnetic lenses and
it is recorded by hitting a fluorescent screen, photographic plate, or light
sensitive sensor such as a CCD (charge-coupled device) camera. The image
detected by the CCD may be displayed in real time on a monitor or computer.
Electron Microscope
Electron microscopes are very useful as they are able to
magnify objects to a much higher resolution.

The structure of an electron microscope.

It uses electrons and focuses using electromagnets.

https://cnx.org/contents/49PF5FCK@2.1:e-eUc9hg@1/Electron-microscopes
Two Types of Electron Microscope
High-Resolution
Transmission Electron
Microscope (HRTEM)
There are high-resolution TEM
(HRTEM) which have been built. In fact
the resolution is sufficient to show carbon
atoms in diamond separated by only 89
picometers and atoms in silicon at 78
picometers. This is at magnifications of
50 million times. The ability to determine
the positions of atoms within materials
has made the HRTEM a very useful tool
for nano-technologies research. It is also
very important for the development of
semiconductor devices for electronics and
photonics.
Transmission electron microscopes
produce two-dimensional images.
Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM)
The Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM) produces images by hitting the
target with a primary electron beam
which then excites the surface of the
target. This causes secondary electrons to
be emitted from the surface which are
then detected. So the electron beam in the
SEM is moved (or scanned) across the
sample, while detectors build an image
from the secondary electrons.
Scanning electron microscope produce
images that are a good representation of
the 3D structure of the sample.
References

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality

https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-wave-particle-duality-741
4

https://aklectures.com/lecture/photoelectric-effect-compton-effect-wave-
particle-duality/electron-microscopes

https://cnx.org/contents/49PF5FCK@2.1:e-eUc9hg@1/Electron-microsc
opes
THANK
S!