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Closed Conduit Flow 1 - EM
Closed Conduit Flow 1 - EM
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SEQUENCE OF CHAPTER 4
Introduction
Objectives
4.1 Pipe Flow System
4.2 Types of Flow
4.2.1 Laminar Flow
4.2.2 Turbulent Flow
4.3 Energy Losses due to Friction
4.3.1 Friction Losses in Laminar Flow
4.3.2 Friction Loss in Turbulent Flow
4.4 Minor Losses
4.4.1 Losses due to Pipe Fittings
4.4.2 Sudden Enlargement
4.4.3 Sudden Contraction
4.5 Energy Added and Extracted
4.6 Pipe Flow Analysis
4.6.1 Simple Pipeline
4.6.2 Pipes in Series
4.6.3 Pipes in Parallel
4.6.4 Pipe Network
Summary
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Introduction
In considering the convenience and necessities in every day
life, it is truly amazing to note the role played by conduits in
transporting fluid.
For example, the water in our homes is normally conveyed
through pressure pipelines, from the distribution system, so
that it will be available when and where we want it.
Moreover, virtually all of this water leaves our homes as
dilute wastes through sewers, another type of conduits. Oil
is often transferred from their source by pressure pipelines
to refineries while gas is conveyed by pipelines into a
distribution network for supply.
Thus, it can be seen that the fluid flow in conduits is of
immense practical significance in civil engineering.
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Objectives
1. Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flows in
pipelines.
2. Describe the velocity profile for laminar and turbulent
flows.
3. Compute Reynolds number for flow in pipes.
4. Define the friction factor, and compute the friction losses in
pipelines.
5. Recognize the source of minor losses, and compute minor
losses in pipelines.
6. Analyze simple pipelines, pipelines in series, parallel, and
simple pipe networks.
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4.1 Pipe Flow System
• This chapter introduces the fundamental theories of flow in
pipelines as well as basic design procedures.
• In this chapter, the pipeline system is defined as a closed conduit
with a circular cross-section with water flows (flowing full) inside
it.
• It is a closed system, the water is not in contact with air (i.e. no
free surface). Flow in a closed pipe results from a pressure
difference between inlet and outlet. The pressure is affected by
fluid properties and flow rate.
• The following diagram gives the geometrical properties for circular
pipe. In the diagram, D represents the diameter of pipe, R is the
pipe radius and L is the pipe length. The cross-sectional area of
the pipe can be calculated using A = R2.
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Pipe
Centerline
D=2R
RR
A line plotted of total head versus distance through a system is called the
total energy line (TEL).
The TEL is also known as energy grade line (EGL).
The sum of the elevation head and pressure head yields the hydraulic grade
line (HGL).
In a uniform pipeline, the total shear stress (resistance to flow) is constant
along the pipe resulting in a uniform degradation of the total energy or
head along the pipeline.
The total head loss along a specified length of pipeline is referred to head
loss due to friction and denoted as hf.
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Referring to the above figure, the Bernoulli equation
can be written from section 1 to section 2 as;
P1 V12 P2 V2 2
z1 z2 hf (4.2)
g 2g g 2g
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4.2 Types of Flow
• The physical nature of fluid flow can be categorized into three types, i.e.
laminar, transition and turbulent flow. It has been mentioned earlier that
Reynolds Number (Re) can be used to characterize these flow.
VD VD
Re (4.3)
where = density
= dynamic viscosity
= kinematic viscosity ( = /)
V = mean velocity
D = pipe diameter
ur
R 2 r 2 P (4.7)
4 L
where P = change in pressure
L = length of pipe
R = pipe radius
r = distance measured from the center of pipe
dU
la min ar turbulent
dy
where Uy is the velocity at a distance y from the wall, UCL is the velocity
at the centerline of pipe, and R is the radius of pipe. This equation is
known as the Prandtl one-seventh law.
Figure 6.7 below shows the velocity profile for turbulent flow in a pipe.
The shape of the profile is said to be logarithmic.
1258x3.6x 0.15
Re 708
1
9.60x10
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4.3 Energy Losses due to friction
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4.3.1 Friction Losses in Laminar flow
In laminar flow, the fluid seems to flow as several layers, one on another.
Because of the viscosity of the fluid, a shear stress is created between
the layers of fluid.
Energy is lost from the fluid to overcome the frictional forces produced by
the shear stress.
Energy loss is usually represented by the drop of pressure in the direction
of flow.
Therefore, the frictional head loss, hf, can be written in terms of pressure
drop along the pipeline, as follows:
P
hf (4.12)
g
Substituting the Hagen-Poiseuille equation and applying the continuity
equation, Q = VA, to the above resulted into the following expression:
32LV 64 L V 2 (4.13)
hf
2 Re D 2g
gD
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4.3.2 Friction Losses in Turbulent flow
In turbulent flow, the friction head loss can be calculated by considering
the pressure losses along the pipelines.
In a horizontal pipe of diameter D carrying a steady flow there will be a
pressure drop in a length L of the pipe.
Equating the frictional resistance to the difference in pressure forces, and
manipulating resulted into the following expression:
L V2
hf (4.14)
D 2g
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Blasius (1913) was the first to propose an accurate empirical
relation for the friction factor in turbulent flow in smooth
pipes, namely
= 0.316/Re0.25 (4.15)
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Figure 4.8: Moody Diagram
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Table 4.1: Typical pipe roughness
(Reference: White, 1999)
Material Roughness, k (mm)
Glass smooth
Brass, new 0.002
Concrete 0.04
Smoothed 2.0
Rough
Iron 0.26
Cast, new 0.15
Galvanised, new 0.046
Wrought, new
Steel 0.046
Commercial, new 3
Riveted
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4.4 Minor Losses
• In addition to head loss due to friction, there are always
other head losses due to pipe expansions and contractions,
bends, valves, and other pipe fittings. These losses are
usually known as minor losses (hLm).
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6.4.1 Losses due to pipe fittings
V2
h Lm K (6.16)
2g
where hLm= minor loss
K = minor loss coefficient
V = mean flow velocity
Type K
Exit (pipe to tank) 1.0
Entrance (tank to pipe) 0.5
90 elbow 0.9
45 elbow 0.4
T-junction 1.8
Gate valve 0.25 - 25
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4.4.3 Sudden Contraction
The energy loss due to a sudden contraction can be calculated using
the following;
Vb 2
h Lm K C (4.16b)
2g
The KC is the coefficient of contraction and the values depends on
the ratio of the pipe diameter (Db/Da) as shown below.
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Denoting the head loss due to friction and minor losses as HL, and
the external energy added/extracted by HE, then the Bernoulli
equation may be rewritten as
P1 V12 P2 V2 2 (4.17)
z1 HE z2 H L12
g 2g g 2g
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Solution:
Applying Bernoulli equation between section 1 and 2
P1 V12 P2 V2 2
(1)
z1 Hp z2 H L1 2
g 2g g 2g
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4.6 Pipe Flow Analysis
• Pipeline system used in water distribution, industrial
application and in many engineering systems may
range from simple arrangement to extremely complex
one.
• Problems regarding pipelines are usually tackled by the
use of continuity and energy equations.
• The head loss due to friction is usually calculated using
the D-W equation while the minor losses are computed
using equations 4.16, 4.16(a) and 4.16(b) depending on
the appropriate conditions.
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4.6.2 Pipes in Series
When two or more pipes of
different diameters or
roughness are connected in
such a way that the fluid
follows a single flow path
throughout the system, the
system represents a series
pipeline.
In a series pipeline the total
energy loss is the sum of the Figure 6.11: Pipelines in series
individual minor losses and
all pipe friction losses.
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Referring to Figure 4.11, the Bernoulli equation can be written
between points 1 and 2 as follows;
P1 V1 2 P2 V2 2
z1 z2 H L1 2
g 2g g 2g
(4.18)
where P/g = pressure head
z = elevation head
V /2g = velocity head
2
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Applying the continuity equation to the system;
Q1 = Qa + Qb = Q2 (4.19)
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4.6.4 Pipe Network
A water distribution system consists of complex interconnected pipes,
service reservoirs and/or pumps, which deliver water from the treatment
plant to the consumer.
Water demand is highly variable, whereas supply is normally constant.
Thus, the distribution system must include storage elements, and must be
capable of flexible operation.
Pipe network analysis involves the determination of the pipe flow rates
and pressure heads at the outflows points of the network. The flow rate
and pressure heads must satisfy the continuity and energy equations.
The earliest systematic method of network analysis (Hardy-Cross Method)
is known as the head balance or closed loop method. This method is
applicable to system in which pipes form closed loops. The outflows from
the system are generally assumed to occur at the nodes junction.
For a given pipe system with known outflows, the Hardy-Cross method is
an iterative procedure based on initially iterated flows in the pipes. At
each junction these flows must satisfy the continuity criterion, i.e. the
algebraic sum of the flow rates in the pipe meeting at a junction,
together with any external flows is zero.
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• Assigning clockwise flows and their associated head losses are
positive, the procedure is as follows:
Assume values of Q to satisfy Q = 0.
Calculate HL from Q using HL = K1Q2 .
If HL = 0, then the solution is correct.
If HL 0, then apply a correction factor, Q, to all Q and repeat
from step (2).
For practical purposes, the calculation is usually terminated when HL
< 0.01 m or Q < 1 L/s.
A reasonably efficient value of Q for rapid convergence is given by;
Q
H L
2
H
L (4.21)
Q 45
Example 4.5
• A pipe 6-cm in diameter, 1000m long and with = 0.018 is
connected in parallel between two points M and N with
another pipe 8-cm in diameter, 800-m long and having =
0.020. A total discharge of 20 L/s enters the parallel pipe
through division at A and rejoins at B. Estimate the
discharge in each of the pipe.
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Solution:
Continuity: Q = Q1 + Q2
(1)
0.02 (0.06) 2 V1 (0.08) 2 V2
4 4
V1 1.778V2 7.074
0.018x1000 2 0.020x800 2
V1 V2
0.06 0.08
V1 0.8165V2 ( 2)
Q1 = 0.0063 m3/s
Recheck the answer:
Q 1+ Q 2 = Q
0.0063 + 0.0137 = 0.020
(same as given Q OK!)
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Example 4.6
• For the square loop shown, find the discharge in all the
pipes. All pipes are 1 km long and 300 mm in diameter, with
a friction factor of 0.0163. Assume that minor losses can be
neglected.
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Solution:
Assume values of Q to satisfy continuity equations all at nodes.
The head loss is calculated using; HL = K1Q2
HL = hf + hLm
But minor losses can be neglected: hLm = 0
Thus HL = hf
Head loss can be calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation
L V2
hf
D 2g
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L V2
H L hf
D 2g
1000 V2
H L 0.0163 x x
0.3 2 x 9.81
Q2 Q2
H L 2.77 2 2.77 x 2
A 2
x 0.3
4
H L 554Q 2
H L K 'Q2
K ' 554
First trial
AB 60 2.0 0.033
BC 40 0.886 0.0222
CD 0 0 0
AD -40 -0.886 0.0222
2.00 0.0774
-0.0107 0.07775
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