OTHER ANCIENT NATIONS OF ASIA

HITTITES
• WARLIKE PEOPLE OF INDO-EUROPEAN ANCESTRY.
• SETTLED IN ASIA MINOR ( ANATOLIA,TURKEY)
• BIJUSTIS- FIRST HITTITES KING
• HATTUSHASH- THE CAPITAL CITY (BOGHAZKEWI)
 CONTRIBUTIONS

• USE OF IRON- FIRST TO MINE,MELT

AND USE IRON IN MAKING TOOLS AND
WEAPON

• CHARIOTS IN WARFARE
 PHOENICIANS
• CAME FROM“PHOENIX” -NAME OF A FAMOUS
PURPLE DYE EXTRACTED FROM A SPECIAL VARIETY
OF A SHELL FISH
• POOR SOIL OF THEIR COUNTRY FORCED THEM TO
SEEK LIVELIHOOD FROM THE SEA.
• BECOME THE GREATEST SAILOR AND MARITIME
TRADERS OF ANCIENT TIMES.
• KING HIRAM- FAMOUS PHOENICIAN MONARCH
 CONTRIBUTIONS
• ESTABLISHED COLONIES IN VARIOUS MEDITERRANEAN
WORLD
• INTRODUCED ASIAN GOODS TO THE COUNTRY OF
MEDITERRANEAN WORLD
• INVENTION OF ALPHABET ( FIRST TO USE ALPHABET
WRITING)
CONTAINED 24 LETTERS,
ALL CONSONANTS, ALEPH(OX)
AND BETH (HOUSE)
 JEWS
• ALSO KNOWN AS HEBREWS
• PASTORAL SEMITIC PEOPLE, ORIGINALLY LIVED IN ARABIAN
DESERT AND LATER MIGRATED TO MESOPOTAMIA
• ABRAHAM AS GOD COMMAND, LED THEM OUT OF THE CITY OF UR
AND SETTLED IN PALESTINE THEN CALLED CANAAN
• THE JEWS FAUGHT IN MANY WARS AND SOME HEROES AROSE WHO
BECAME PART OF ISRAELS HERITAGE OF GREATNESS- KING DAVID
• JEWISH REBELLION AGAINST THE ROMAN EMPIRE WAS CRUSHED
BY EMPEROR TITUS
• 1948, WHEN THE MODERN STATE OF ISRAEL WAS FOUNDED AND
THEY HAD A HOMELAND AGAIN
 CONTRIBUTIONS
• MONOTHEISM

• JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY

• GREAT MEN AND WOMEN

• MODERN BANKING AND FINANCE

 PERSIANS
• TWO ARYAN PEOPLES FROM THE CASPIAN SEA
REGION SETTLED IN THE IRANIAN PLATEAU
• PERSIANS- OCCUPIED THE SOUTHERN PART
• MEDES- LIVED IN THE NORTHERN PORTION
• CYRUS- DEPOSED THE LAST MEDIAN MONARCH
AFTER GAINING CONTROL OF IRANIAN PLATEAU. HE
CONQUERED MESOPOTAMIA AND EGYPT . BECAUSE
OF THIS MILITARY EXPLOITS HE CAME TO BE KNOWN
AS CYRUS THE GREAT
 CONTRIBUTIONS
• ZOROASTRIANISM- RELIGION BASED ON THE BELIEF THAT LIFE
IS A CONSTANT STRUGGLE BETWEEN GOOD AND EVIL
FOUNDED BY ZOROASTER “ PROPHET OF IRAN”
 ZEND-AVESTA- BIBLE OF ZOROASTRIANISM.
MAGI- PRIEST OF ZOROASTRIANISM
• SYSTEM OF PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION ( PROVINCIAL
EXECUTIVE, LOCAL SYSTEM OF TAXATION, FIRST POSTAL
SERVICES)
• ELABORATED SYSTEM OF COURT ETTIQUETE
 HINDUS OF INDIA

• THE ARYANS INVADED THE INDUS VALLEY, THEY

CONQUERED THE DARK-COMPLEXIONED DRAVIDIANS, WHO
WERE THEN INHABITING THE VALLEY.
• THE ARYANS OCCUPIED THE FERTILE PLAINS OF INDIA.
• THEY WERE HERDY FARMERS AND HERDERS AS WELL AS
VALIANT WARRIORS AND TRADERS.
• SKILLED POTTERS, CARPENTERS, MASONS, SILVERSMITHS
AND WEAVERS.
 CONTRIBUTIONS
• THE 4 WORLD RELIGION NAMELY HINDUISM, BUDDHISM,
SIKKISM AND JAINISM
HINDUISM- ONE OF THE WORLD OLDEST RELIGION
- HINDUS BELIEVE THAT 300 MILLION GODS REPRESENT
NATURAL FORCES AND PERSONIFIED GODS. THE CHIEF GOD
OF HINDUS IS BRAHMA ALSO KNOWN AS THE CREATOR,
VISHNU THE PRESERVER AND SHIVA THE DESTROYER
- REINCARNATION- ACCORDING TO THIS BELIEF, THE SOUL OF
GOOD MAN IS REBORN IN A PERSON OF HIGHER STATUS, WHILE
AN EVIL PERSON IS REBORN IN LOWER CREATURE.
-THE CASTE SYSTEM-
 BRAHMAS- PRIEST AND SCHOLARS
KSHATRIYAS- NOBLES AND WARRIORS
VAISHYAS- FARMERS, MERCHANTS, AND
CRAFTMEN
SUDRAS- LABORER AND SLAVES
OUTCAST (UNTOUCHABLES)- NOT BELONG
TO ANY CASTE
• BUDDHISM- FOUNDED BY GAUTAMA BUDDHA( 247 MILLION
FOLLOWERS)
• BUDDHA TAUGHT THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTH
• MAN IS FILLED WITH SUFFERINGS
• MANS SUFFERING IS CAUSED BY HIS SELFISH DESIRES
• MAN CAN END HIS SUFFERINGS BY CONQUERING HIS
SELFISH DESIRES, MAN REACHES THE STATE OF NIRVANA
( PERFECT HAPPINESS)
• EIGHT FOLD PATHS- RIGHT BELIEF, RIGHT ASPIRATION, RIGHT
SPEECH, RIGHT CONDUCT, RIGHT LIVELIHOO, RIGHT EFFORT,
RIGHT REMEMBRACE, AND RIGHT MEDITATION.
• TWO BRANCHES OF BUDDHISM

MAHAYANA(GREATER VEHICLE) ACCEPT THE

CHANGES MAE BY BUDDHIST PREIST, THEREBY
MODIFYING THE ORIGINAL TEACHING OF
GAUTAMA BUDDHA. 9REACHED TIBET, CHINA,
KOREA, JAPAN, BURMA, INDOCHINA THAILAND
AND OTHER COUNTRIES,
HINAYANA - ADHERES BUDDHA’S TEACHINGS
AND DOES NOT HAVE PRIEST. (NEPAL AND
CEYLON)
• SIKHISM- THE RELIGION OF 16 MILLION
HINDUS.
• MIXTURE OF HINDU AND ISLAMIC RELIGIONS
• SIKH MEN WEAR LONG BEARDS AND
TURBAN.
• JAINISM- IT BELIEVES IN THE SANCTITY OF
LIFE INCLUDING PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
-2 MILLION FOLLOWERS
• PHILOSOPHICAL SYSTEMS INCLUDING YOGA, THE
DISCIPLINE OF MIND AND BODY BY SPIRITUAL
TRAINING.
• PANCHATANTRA- FABLE
• THE CLAY CART BY SUDAKRA AND SAKUNTALA BY
KALISADA- FIRST DRAMATIC EPIC

• MAHABHARATA AND RAMAYANA- THE GREAT EPIC

POEM
• THE BHAGAVAD- WORLD GREATEST PHILOSOPHICAL
POEM
• THE MUSIC, ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA ARE
WELL-KNOWN THROUGHOUT THE WORLD
• CLASSICAL INDIAN MUSIC HAS INFLUENCED THE
WESTERN MODERN ROCK MUSIC OF BEATLES AND
OTHER POP GROUPS
• INDIAN ARTS PORTRAYS THE LOVE STORIES OF
THEIR GODS
• TAJ MAHAL IN AGRA, MOGUL PALACE IN NEW DELHI,
KAILASHA TEMPLE IN HYDERABAD
• CLASSICAL INDIAN HANDI CRAFT IN CLOTH, WOOD
METAL, IVORY AND LEATHER.
• INVENTED THE ZERO AND NUMERALS N
MATHEMATICS
• FIRST BOOK ON ARITHMETIC AND ALGEBRA
 THE CHINESE (2205 B.C)
• THE CHINESE WERE ALREADY CIVILIZED.
• THE XIA DYNASTY ( EMPEROR YU) WAS OVERTHROWED BY SHANG
DYNASTY (CHENG TANG) (1766-1122 BC)

• ZHOU DYNASTY LONGEST AND GREATEST DYNASTY

IMPERIAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT WAS DEVELOPED WITH THE EMPEROR

ASSUMMING THE TITLE OF “SON OF HEAVEN”
 GOLDEN AGE OF CHINESE PHILOSOPHY (ZHOU DYNASTY)
CONFUCIUS- BELOVED TEACHER AND GREATEST PHILOSOPHER
-KUNG FU TZE “ KUNG THE SCHOLAR”
HE TAUGHT THE VIRTUE OF LIFE - BENEVOLENCE, RIGHTEOUSNESS,
PROPRIETY, WISDOM,AND LOYALTY.
• VIRTUES MUST GUIDED HUMAN RELATIONS- BETWEEN RULER AND
PEOPLE, BETWEEN PARENTS AND CHILDREN, BETWEEN HUSBAND AND
WIFE, BETWEEN ELDER AND YOUNGER BROTHER, BETWEEN FRIEND
AND FRIEND.
• “WHAT YOU DO NOT WANT DONE TO YOU DO NOT DO UNTO OTHERS”
• LU (SHANTUNG) HE SPENT HIS LAST YEARS OF LIFE (73)
• HIS TEACHING WAS PRESERVED IN CONFUCIAN CLASSICS AND GUIDES
THE LIFE OF THE CHINESE.
• HE IS IDOLIZED AS GOD BY HIS COUNTRY MEN AND AS PHILOSOPHERS
BY ALL NATIONS.
• LAO TZU ( OLD SCHOLAR) - FOUNDER OF TAOISM
TAO TE CHING ( BOOK OF THE WAY OF VIRTUE)- BIBLE OF
TAOISM
MAN CAN FIND LASTING HAPPINESS IF HE FOLLOWS THE
“WAY OF VIRTUE” TO DO SO MAN MUST POSSESS HUMILITY,
CALMNESS AND PATIENCE.
HE TAUGHT THE PEOPLE TO REPAY EVIL WITH GOODNESS “
TO THE GOOD IM GOOD, TO THE BAD IM GOOD , FOR VIRTUE
IS GOODNESS.
AFTER HIS DEATH HIS FOLLOWERS CORRUPTED HIS
PHILOSOPHY BY TRANSFORMING IT TO A RELIGION OF
BLACK MAGIC AND SUPERSTITIONS.
• MENCIUS- THE GREATEST STUDENT OF
CONFUCIUS
• HE BELIEVE THAT ALL MEN ARE BY NATURE
GOOD.
• HE TAUGHT THAT THE PEOLPLE HAVE TE RIGHT
TO OVERTHROW A BAD GOVERNMENT BY MEANS
OF REVOLUTION AND ESTABLISH A GOOD ONE.
 CONTRIBUTIONS

• FIRST PAPER, BRUSH –PEN, INK, FIRST COMPASS, FIRST PRINTING

PRESS USING MOVABLE BLOCKS, GUN POWDER FOR WARFARE
AND FESTIVALS AND THE FIRST WATER MILL.
• INTRODUCED SERICULTURE(SILK INDUSTRY) AD THE USE OF SILK
CLOTHE.
• CONFUCIAN PHILOSOPHY,
• ROCKETRY IN WARFARE (ARROWS OF FLYING FIRE)
• FIRST BOOK ON MILITARY STRATEGY (ART OF WAR)-SUN TZU
• FIRST PAPER MONEY (FLYING MONEY)
• FIRST PLAYING CARDS IN GAMBLING
• DIAMOND SUTRA OLDEST KNWN BOOK, PEING
GAZETTE- OLDEST NEWSPAPER
• CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATION
• WORLD CHOPSTICK,CALLIGRAPH, ART OF FINE
WRITING, PAGODA ARCHITECHTURE AND THE
INDESTRUCTIBLE GRET WALL