Information Systems For Management: PGDM Term - III, Batch 2020-22 Session - I - X - NM

Information Systems for
Management
PGDM
Term – III, Batch 2020-22
Session – I – X
-NM
For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

Session - I
• Course overview
• Ice breaking
• Data/information hierarchy and its
influence in building levels of information
systems

System
• The term system is derived from the Greek
word Systema, which means an organized
relationship among functioning units or
components. It exits because it is designed
to achieve one or more objectives.
• We can also define system as it is set of
elements or components that interact to
accomplish goals.

System (Contd..)
• Systems have inputs, processing
mechanism, outputs and feedback.
• Example
Dirty Car Washing Clean Car

Car
Input Processing Output
Feedback

Business Process
• A series of actions or steps taken in order to
achieve a particular end.
• Sequence of interdependent and
linked procedures which, at every stage,
consume one or
more resources (employee time, energy, machi
nes, money) to convert inputs
(data, material, parts, etc.) into outputs. These
outputs then serve as inputs for the next stage
until a known goal or end result is reached.

• Organizational subsystems are smaller group of
employees that work together within the larger
organizational system.
• Examples of subsystems include departments,
programs, projects, teams, and informal
collections of employees that work together to
complete certain work processes. Identifying
these groups within your larger organization
helps you establish organizational structure and
manage work processes at lower levels
Business Process
• It refers to the set of logically related tasks
and behaviors that organizations develop
over time to produce specific business results
and the unique manner in which these
activities are organized and coordinated.
– Developing a new product
– Generating and fulfilling an order
– Creating a marketing plan
– Hiring an employee are examples of Business
processes
System Process
• The manner in which work is organized,
coordinated and focused to produce a valuable
product or service.
Functional Area Business Process
Manufacturing and Assembling the product, checking the
Production quality, producing bills for material.
Sales and Marketing Identifying customer, product
awareness, selling product.
Finance and Accounting Paying creditors, creating financial
statements, Managing cash accounts.
Human Resources Hiring Employee, Evaluating
employee’s job performance, Enrolling
employees
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@ Jaipuria benefits plans.
Business Processes and a Firm

Business Process Mapping Standards

Information Systems
/Information Technology
Is driver or Enabler or Strategic Busines
Partner?

WHAT IS STRATEGY?
• Strategy defines the plan for how a business will
achieve its mission, goals, and objectives.
It specifies the necessary financial requirements,
budgets, and resources. Strategy addresses
fundamental issues such as the company’s position in its
industry, its available resources and options, and future
directions. A strategy addresses questions such as:
• What is the long-term direction of our business?
• What is the overall plan for deploying our resources?
• What trade-offs are necessary? What resources will it need
to share?
• What is our position compared to our competitors?
• How do we achieve competitive advantage over rivals in
order to achieve or maximize profitability?
Using Information Systems to
Achieve Competitive Advantage
• Firms with a competitive advantage over
others typically have access to special
resources that others do not or are able to use
resources more efficiently, resulting in higher
revenue growth, profitability, or productivity
growth (efficiency), all of which ultimately in the
long run translate into higher stock market
valuations than their competitors.
• Example JCT Vadodara

Michael Porter's competitive forces model describes
five competitive forces that shape the fate of the firm.
1.Traditional competitors: Existing firms that share a firm's market space.

2.New market entrants: New companies have certain advantages, such as
not being locked into old equipment and high motivation, as well as
disadvantages, such as less expertise and little brand recognition. Some
industries have lower barriers to entry, ie: cost less for a new company to
enter the field.
3.Substitute products and services: These are substitutes that your
customers might use if your prices become too high. For example, Internet
telephone service can substitute for traditional telephone service. The more
substitute products and services in your industry, the less you can control
pricing and raise your profit margins.
4.Customers: The power of customers grows if they can easily switch to a
competitor's products and services, or if they can force a business and its
competitors to compete on price alone in a transparent marketplace where
there is little product differentiation and all prices are known instantly (such
as on the Internet).
5.Suppliers: The more different suppliers a firm has, the greater control it
can exercise over suppliers in terms@ofJaipuria
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quality, and delivery schedules.
There are four generic strategies used to manage competitive
forces, each of which often is enabled by using information
technology and systems:
Low-cost leadership: Use information systems to achieve
the lowest operational costs and the lowest prices. For
example, a supply chain management system can incorporate
an efficient customer response system to directly link
consumer behavior to distribution and production and supply
chains, helping lower inventory and distribution costs.
Product differentiation: Use information systems to enable

new products and services, or greatly change the customer
convenience in using your existing products and services. For
instance, Land's End uses mass customization, offering
individually tailored products or services using the same
production resources as mass production, to custom-tailor
clothing to individual customer specifications.

• Focus on market niche: Use information systems to enable a
specific market focus and serve this narrow target market better
than competitors. Information systems support this strategy by
producing and analyzing data for finely tuned sales and marketing
techniques. Hilton Hotels uses a customer information system with
detailed data about active guests to provide tailored services and
reward profitable customers with extra privileges and attention.
• Strengthen customer and supplier intimacy: Use information

systems to tighten linkages with suppliers and develop intimacy
with customers. Chrysler Corporation uses information systems to
facilitate direct access from suppliers to production schedules, and
even permits suppliers to decide how and when to ship suppliers
to Chrysler factories. This allows suppliers more lead time in
producing goods. Strong linkages to customers and suppliers
increase switching costs (the cost of switching from one product
to a competing product) and loyalty to your firm.

Firm’s Value Chain
The value chain model highlights
specific activities in the business
where competitive strategies can
best be applied and where
information systems are most
likely to have a strategic impact.
The value chain model views the
firm as a series or chain of basic
activities that add a margin of
value to a firm's products or
services. These activities can be
categorized as either primary
activities or support activities.
Firm’s Value Chain

Primary activities are supported by the
following support activities
1.The firm’s infrastructure, accounting,

finance, and management.
2.Human resources (HR) management. (IT-
related HR trend)
3.Technology development, and research
and development (R&D).
4. Procurement, or purchasing.
• The business value chain model used to identify areas where
information systems will improve business processes. Business
processes can be benchmarked against competitors or others in related
industries, and identify and implement industry best practices. (TATA
and MAHINDRA TRUCKS.)
• Benchmarking involves comparing the efficiency and effectiveness of

business processes against strict standards and then measuring
performance against those standards. (Bridgestone Pithampur Plant
Head)
• Industry best practices are usually identified by consulting companies,
research organizations, government agencies, and industry associations
as the most successful solutions or problem-solving methods for
consistently and effectively achieving a business objective. (Google )

Source: www.gocfi.com/images/fastflowchart.jpg : CFI Real Estate Company
The supported software includes ARCHIBUS, Peregrine Facility Center, Facility
Information Systems (FIS), Maximo, Datastream, PeopleSoft, Oracle, SQL and many,
many others. The data canFor come from
Circukation virtually
@ Jaipuria Indore any formatted data source.
Data Vs Information Vs Knowledge

Let us
Understand with
an Example –
MBA using
XLMiner and MS
Excel Dataset
Please pay
Attention

In Today’s Context what is Important? and
Data and Its analysis using IS provides the
Methods to FIND the HIDDEN?

IT at various levels in an
Organization
Strategic Top Managers
Systems
DSS
Staff Support Professionals
MIS Managerial systems

Middle Managers
Operational Systems Line Managers

& Operators
TPS
Office Automation & Communication Systems Clerical Staff
Information Infrastructure and TPS

Data and Information
• Data consists of raw facts and figures such
as an employee number, number of hours
worked in a week, inventory part number
or sales number.
• When facts are arranged in a meaningful
manner, they become information.
Information is a collection of facts
organized so that they have additional
value beyond the value of the facts
themselves.
35
Data Storage Capacity
Quantity Decimal Binary
Kilo Byte (KB) 103 210
Mega Byte (MB) 106 220
Giga Byte (GB) 109 230
Tera Byte (TB) 1012 240
Penta Byte (PB) 1015 250
Exa Byte (EB) = 1 Billion 1018 260

GB = 1Million TB
Zella Byte (ZB) 1021 270
Yolta Byte (YB) 1024 280

Data and Information (contd..)
• Data and information work the
same way. Rules and relationship
can be set up to organize data into
useful, valuable information.
• Turning data into information is a
process or a set of logically
related tasks performed to achieve
a defined outcome.
• The process of defining
relationships among data to create
useful information requires
knowledge.
Data can be in the Forform of@ Jaipuria

Circukation Video, Indore
37
Audio, Image or Alphanumeric
Data and Information (contd..)
• Knowledge is the awareness and
understanding of a set of information and
ways that information can be made useful
to support a specific task or reach a
decision.
• Having knowledge means understanding
relationships in information
• Knowledge workers (KWs) are people who
create, use, and disseminate knowledge
and are usually professionals in science,
engineering, business, and other areas.
38
Information
Requirements:
– Understandable
– Relevant
– Timely
– Accurate
– Secure
– Consistency
Concept of GIGO, Fat Finger and…..

Opening Closing High Low PE
Trading Volume of S&P CNX
29-Sep-09 4959.15 5006.85 5020.25 4959.1 22.55 15094.4
30-Sep-09 5083.95 5087.6 5004.35 22.9 20178.57
01-Oct-09 5087.2 5083.4 5110.5 5057.05 22.89 20111.83
05-Oct-09 5076.05 5003.2 5076.05 22.53
06-Oct-09 5003.65 5027.4 5034.7 4921.05 22.67 21128.3
07-Oct-09 986555652 4985.75 5077 4972.95 22.48 21042.82
08-Oct-09 5011.25 5002.25 5043.05 4971.75 22.58 20841.57
09-Oct-09 4993 4945.2 High 4934.55 22.31 18297.04
12-Oct-09 4945.45 5054.25 5068.05 4945.45 22.8 15765.64
14-Oct-09 5054.35 5118.2 5127.4 5054.35 22.97 20330.01
15-Oct-09 5118.55 low 5152.25 5077.1 22.93 20025.41
16-Oct-09 5108.65 5142.15 5149.65 5093.2 18960.5
17-Oct-09 5159.35 5141.8 5176.8 5124.25 23.08 18960.5
20-Oct-09 5145.6 5114.45 5181.95 5102.65 22.94 17217.55
21-Oct-09 5114.85 5117.45 5051.65 22.71 18009.67
22-Oct-09 5063.35 4988.6 5064.25 4968.45 22.44 17267.19
23-Oct-09 4986.55 4997.05 4983.25 22.19 16682.46
26-Oct-09 4997.15 4970.9 5033.75 4961.35 21.96 15714.37
27-Oct-09 4970.55 4846.7 4970.55 4829.5 21.42 20193.69
28-Oct-09 4846.55
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4826.15 4867
@ Jaipuria Indore
4784.1 21.33 18389.72
• Information Requirements:
– Understandable
– Relevant
– Timely
– Accurate
– Secure
– Consistency

Cleaning/ Cleansing Data Set
 Non Numeric Data

 Empty cells
 Strings/ Text values
 Coded values
 Values out of range
 Whole column in
String
 Data till 2010 and
we wish to forecast/
predict tomorrow’s
value

Information System
• System is an organized relationship
among functioning units or components to
achieve or accomplish goals.
• Information systems can also be used to
analyze problems, visualize complex
subjects, and create new products

46
What is Information System?
• An information system is a set of
interrelated components that collect or
retrieve, process, store, and distribute
information to support decision making
and control in an organization.

Management Information
Systems
• Management Information Systems (MIS) is the
study of people, technology, organizations and
the relationships among them.
• MIS professionals help firms realize maximum
benefit from investment in personnel, equipment,
and business processes. MIS is a people-
oriented field with an emphasis on service
through technology.

Composition of IS

Types of Information System
• No single system can provide all the information
an organization needs. Even small firms have a
collection of different systems: e-mail systems,
sales tracking systems, etc.
Different systems can be described through:
• A functional perspective: Identifying systems
by their major business function.
• A constituency perspective: Identifying
systems in terms of the major organizational
groups that they serve.

Systems Based on Major Business
Function
• There are four main types of information
systems that serve different functional
systems.
1. Sales and marketing information systems.
2. Manufacturing and production information
systems.
3. Finance and accounting information systems.
4. Human resources information systems.

1. Sales and Marketing information
systems
• It help the firm with marketing business processes
– Identifying customers for the firm's products or services
– Developing products and services to meet customers
needs, promoting products and services)
• Sales processes
– Selling the products and services,
– Taking orders
– contacting customers
– providing customer support

Example of Sales Information
System

2. Manufacturing and Production
Information Systems
• It deals with the
– Planning, development, and production of
products and services
– Controlling the flow of production.

Example of Inventory IS (MPIS)

3. Finance and Accounting
Information systems
• This Information System keeps a track of
the firm's financial assets and fund flows
Example of Accounts Receivable System.

4. Human Resources Information
Systems
• This Information System maintain:
– Employee records
– Track employee skills
– Job performance and training
– Support planning for employee compensation
and career development

Example of HRIS (An Employee
Record Keeping System)
n

Systems Based on Constituency
Perspective Function
• There are four main types of information
systems that serve different constituency
perspective
1. Transaction processing systems (TPS).
2. Management information systems (MIS).
3. Decision support systems (DSS).
4. Executive support systems (ESS).
and Experts Systems

IT at various levels in an
Organization
Strategic Top Managers
Systems
DSS
Staff Support Professionals
MIS Managerial systems

Middle Managers
Operational Systems Line Managers

& Operators
TPS Office Automation & Communication Systems Clerical Staff
Information Infrastructure and TPS

Decision Structure and IS

Transaction processing systems
(TPS).
• TPS are basic business systems that
serve the operational level of the
organization by recording the daily routine
transactions required to conduct business,
such as payroll and sales receipts
– Point of Sale Systems – records daily sales
– Payroll systems – processing employees salary, loans
management, etc.
– Stock Control systems – keeping track of inventory levels
– Airline booking systems – flights booking management
Management information systems
(MIS).
• This IS serve middle level managers‘ by providing current
and historical performance information to aid in planning,
controlling, and decision making at the management level.
• MIS typically compress TPS data to present regular
reports on the company's basic operations.
– Sales management systems – they get input from the point of sale system
– Budgeting systems – gives an overview of how much money is spent within
the organization for the short and long terms.
– Human resource management system – overall welfare of the employees,
staff turnover, etc.

Decision Support System
• A decision support system (DSS) is a
computer program application that
analyzes business data and presents it so
that users can make business decisions
more easily.
– Financial planning systems
– Bank loan management systems

Decision support systems (DSS),
• DSS is also known business intelligence
systems, help managers with non-routine
decisions that are unique, rapidly
changing, and not easily specified in
advance. DSS are more analytical than
MIS, using a variety of models to analyze
internal and external data or condense
large amounts of data for analysis.

Executive Support System
• Executive Support System (ESS) is a reporting
tool (software) that allows you to turn your
organization's data into useful summarized
reports.
• These reports are generally used by executive
level managers for quick access to reports
coming from all company levels and departments
such as billing, cost accounting , staffing,
scheduling, and more.
• It is on the strategic level.

Executive Support System
• It provides a generalized computing and communications
environment that help senior managers address strategic
issues and identify long-term trends in the firm and its
environment.
• ESS address non-routine decisions requiring judgment,
evaluation, and insight because there is no agreed-on
procedure for arriving at a solution.
• ESS present graphs and data from many internal and
external sources through an interface that is easy for senior
managers to use.
• Often the information is delivered to senior executives
through a portal, which uses a Web interface to present
integrated personalized business content.

• AI and Expert Systems
– Understanding natural language
– Analysing the ability to reason through a
problem to its logical conclusion. Expert
systems use the approaches of AI reasoning
to solve the problems put to them by business
(and other) users.
• Group Decision Support Systems and
Computer-Supported Collaborative Work
Systems

Example –Voyage Estimating
Decision Support System

CRM
ERP Why DBMS Aadhar
R&D
HRIS Railway Reservation
Vehicle Tracking
OLAP
/OLTP Library SAP
Data Mining e Governance
Forecasting
Small and Big Banking
Stock Business Houses
Market Routing
Data
IT Department
Warehousing
• Enterprise systems refer to a category of information systems that
integrate internal business processes and improve collaboration with
external business partners.
• Integration and collaboration enable data sharing to keep workers
informed and able to make better decisions. These systems
integrate various functional systems of an organization such as
accounting, finance, marketing, and operations. Major types of
enterprise systems are:
• ERP: Enterprise Resource Planning (Now Extended)
• SCM: Supply Chain Management
• CRM: Customer Relationship Management.
• Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment
(CPFR) Systems

Enterprise Systems
• Enterprise systems
– Info. Sys. supports various business activities
for internal operations (manufacturing, order
processing, human resource management) as
well as external interactions with customers,
suppliers, and business partners.
– Enterprise systems are information systems
that allow companies to integrate information
across operations on a company-wide basis
– Also known as enterprise-wide information
systems
REASONS WHY COMPANIES MIGRATE
TO ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS
• High maintenance costs - Maintaining and upgrading legacy
systems are some of the most difficult challenges facing CIOs
(chief information officers) and IT departments.
• Business value deterioration - Technological change weakens
the business value of legacy systems that have been
implemented over many years and at huge cost.
• Inflexibility - Monolithic legacy architectures are inflexible. That
is, these huge systems cannot be easily redesigned to share
data with newer systems, unlike modern architectures.
• Integration obstacles - Legacy systems execute business
processes that are hardwired by rigid, predefined process flows.
Their hardwiring makes integration with other systems such as
CRM and Internet-based applications difficult and sometimes
impossible.
Characteristics of ERP
Applications
• Integrate data silos to enable managers to really
understand what is going on
• Provide data access, integrated business
processes, and the IT platform needed to become
and remain competitive.
• Support most or all of a company’s business
functions and processes.
• Expand the company’s reach beyond its internal
networks to its suppliers, customers, and partners.

Data From Functional Area ISs
Support Enterprise Apps

• Data from functional ISs are used
extensively by enterprise applications,
including business intelligence (BI), e-
commerce, customer relationship
management (CRM), and supply chain
management (SCM)

• Many ERP systems incorporate lean manufacturing
principles, which involve minimizing all forms of
waste. Firms track detailed supply chain activities
from start to finish, so that any procedures and
processes that delay the design, creation, or delivery
of goods are identified and corrected.
• Manufacturing ERP software makes it easier to
detect and prevent defects, which reduces scrap and
rework. Better tracking combined with more accurate
demand planning eliminate costly excess inventory.
Indore CNC and John Deere

Comparison of disparate
systems within an enterprise to
an integrated ERP system

Case Discussion

MIS Reports and Decision
Making
1. The Summary Reports
2. The Trend Reports
3. The Exception Reports
4. On-Demand Reports
5. Financial Reports
6. Inventory Reports
7. Sales Reports
8. Budget Reports
9. Production Reports
10.Cash Flow Statements

11. Funds Flow Statement
12. Budgeted & Actual Profit Report
13. Machine Utilisation Report
14. Predictive Reports
15. Report on The Ideal Time
16. Abnormal Losses Report
17. Cost Reports
18. Statistical Publications
19. Orders in Hand Report

• Few Examples
– Pratibha Syntax
– Indore CNC
– John Deere

Data Visualization
• Creating visualization on Diabetes data set
and interpreting the results.

Creating multiple Charts and Data
Visualization

• Managing Data
– Using MS- Excel Sheet (SOYOTO)
• Further can be converted in MS – Access
– MS- Excel Sheet  Data Analysis  Knowledge
– Database concepts and Managing Data

Deriving Data  Performing Analysis
Creating Information and Knowledge for
Business Organization

Data Driven Decision Making

Managing Data and Analysis
• Mortgagee Defaulters Dataset using
Frontline Solver ® XLMiner/ RapidMiner

NEXT TASK
MANAGING DATA and KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY FOR
ORGANIZATIONAL GROWTH
USING
STORY TELLING/ WRITING

CRM
ERP Why DBMS Aadhar
R&D
HRIS Railway Reservation
Vehicle Tracking
OLAP
/OLTP Library SAP
Data Mining e Governance
Forecasting
Small and Big Banking
Stock Business Houses
Market Routing
Data
IT Department
Warehousing
Foundation of Business Intelligence:
Database Management System
The Data Hierarchy
• Computer systems organize data in a hierarchy
that begins with bits and bytes and progresses
to more complex groupings of data:
• Fields: Group of characters, words, or a
complete number
• Records: Group of related fields, describes an
entity (a person, place or thing about which
information must be kept - each characteristic of
an entity is an attribute
• File: Group of records of the same type
• Database: Group of related files
Organizing Data in a Traditional
File Environment
THE DATA HIERARCHY

Data and Information
• Data consists of raw facts and figures such
as an employee number, number of hours
worked in a week, inventory part number
or sales number.
• When facts are arranged in a meaningful
manner, they become information.
Information is a collection of facts
organized so that they have additional
value beyond the value of the facts
themselves.
DBMS
• A database management system (DBMS) is
software that:
• Acts as an interface between application
programs and the data files.
• Helps to reduce data redundancy and eliminate
data inconsistency by allowing a central, shared
data source.

Database Management System
• An organized collection of information, usually
pertaining to a particular subject. Commonly
used to describe many things including simpler
file system. Collection of interrelated data is
known as database.
• DBMS is collection of interrelated data and set of

programs to access data efficiently and
conveniently.
• The primary goal of DBMS is to provide an

environment that is both convenient and efficient
to use in retrieving and storing database
information

Aspects/ Components
• Frontend (GUI)
• Backend (DB)
• Reports (Crystal Reports)
• Query

Advantages of a DBMS
• Data independence
– Allows data independent applications ( Applications ignorant of
how data is stored)
• Shares
• Reduces Redundancy
• Reduces Inconsistency
• Data Representation standards can be enforced
• Efficient data access
• Data integrity & security
• Data administration
• Concurrent access, crash recovery
• Reduced application development time

• SAP HANA platform
– Hitachi Unified Compute Platform (UCP)
• Storage and infrastructure for SAP HANA
• Database/ Enterprise Database Systems
– ORACLE 12c, SQL Server 2016,
PostGreSQL, MariaDB Server, IBM Infromix
MySQL, NOSQL, MS- ACCESS, IBM DB2,
FoxPro, FoxBASE, Dbase III Plus.

Human Resources Database with
Multiple Views

Purpose of Database Systems
• Number of disadvantages were associated with
typical file processing system. Following are the
disadvantages associated with the file
processing system:
1. Data Redundancy and Inconsistency

2. Difficulty in accessing Data
3. Data Isolation
4. Concurrent access anomalies
5. Security problems
6. Integrity problems

• To see why database management systems are
necessary, let's look at a typical ``file-processing system''
supported by a conventional operating system.
• The application is a savings bank:
– Savings account and customer records are kept in
permanent system files.
– Application programs are written to manipulate files to
perform the following tasks:
• Debit or credit an account.
• Add a new account.
• Find an account balance.
• Generate monthly statements
 There are problems with the straight file-processing approach:
– Data redundancy and inconsistency
• Same information may be duplicated in several places.
• All copies may not be updated properly.
– Difficulty in accessing data
• May have to write a new application program to satisfy an
unusual request.
• E.g. find all customers with the same postal code.
• Could generate this data manually, but a long job...
– Data isolation
• Data in different files.
• Data in different formats.
 Difficult to write new application programs

– Multiple users
• Want concurrency for faster response time.
• Need protection for concurrent updates.
• E.g. two customers withdrawing funds from the same account at
the same time - account has Rs. 500 in it, and they withdraw
Rs.100 and Rs.50. The result could be Rs.350, Rs.400 or Rs.
450 if no protection.
– Security problems
• Every user of the system should be able to access only the data
they are permitted to see.
• E.g. payroll people only handle employee records, and cannot
see customer accounts; tellers only access account data and
cannot see payroll data.
• Difficult to enforce this with application programs.
– Integrity problems
• Data may be required to satisfy constraints.
• E.g. no account balance below Rs. 25.00.
• Again, difficult to enforce or to change constraints
with the file-processing approach.
• These problems and others led to the

development of database management
systems.

Database

Keep Checking Your Email and
MOODLE Account
• I Quiz Will be within Next 2 – 3 Days
• II Submission will be in next 3 – 4 Days

Database

Aspects/ Components
• Frontend (GUI)
• Backend (DB)
• Reports (Crystal Reports)
• Query

Database and Tables creation
• Creating Database
• Creating Tables using
– Spreadsheet
– Design
– From MS-Excel Sheet

Components/Object of
Database
• Tables – where data/ records are stored
• Forms – Data is entered
• Reports – Document in specific format
• Query – Request for information

• Creating tables using import option
– Using MS – Excel Sheet

Excel to Table
MS-Excel Spreadsheet to
MS-Access Database Table

• Navigation and Searching

• After Creating DB  Creating Forms 
Then Creating Reports  Writing Query

• Creating tables using Design Option
• Data Types
• Creating forms for the tables created
• Deleting records

Navigation Database including records
- Access data types
- Understanding field properties: field size,
input mask, format, required

• Table designing using spreadsheet
• Creating forms using wizard
• Entering data using Forms

Primary Key
• An attribute in a relation that uniquely
identify record/ row is defined as primary
key.

Foreign Key
A relation/ Table , say r1, may include
among its attributes the primary key of
another relation, say r2. This attribute is
called a foreign key from r1, referencing r2.
The relation r1 is also called the
referencing relation of the foreign key
dependency, and r2 is called the referenced
relation of the foreign key.

Database name – Supplier
Tables Name – Supplier_details

Table – Part_details

Table Name – Suppier_details is integer number with required.
Primary Key – Supplier_number Supplier_number is primary key of
which is integer number with Supplier_details and integer
required YES. number with required YES . Hence
Supplier will be FOREIGN KEY. It
is used to connect tables.

How to Make Relationships
between relations/ Tables

After Clicking DATABASE TOOLS then
Clicking Show Tables Add both TABLES

After Adding BOTH Tables
following SCREEN will Appear

Select Supplier_number PK of
supplier_details and drag it till
Supplier_number of Part_details

Referential Integrity
A referential integrity - It requires that the
values appearing in specified attributes of
any Row/ record in the referencing relation
also appear in specified attributes of at least
one tuple in the referenced relation.

Then Create FORMS for Entering data

Practise Exercise – I (Time Allotted 30
Minutes – 10 Minutes for Displaying)
Prepare Following Tables, Relationships, Suitable
Forms then Enter Data using Forms (ONLY) and
Prepare One meaningful Report

Practise Exercise – II (Time Allotted 30
Minutes – 10 Minutes for Displaying)
USING MS – Excel Sheet Prepare Following
Table, Suitable Form then Enter Data using Forms
(ONLY) and Prepare meaningful Report/s

Management Information System
Query Writing using

SQL (Structured Query Language)
-NM

QUERY
• A query is a request made by the user for retrial
of information from database/ tables
• We will write queries for SELECT, UPDATE,
HAVING, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, DISTINCT
and DELETE
• With SQL (Structured Query Language) we can
write and execute/Run these queries.
• Format of Query is as follows:
SELECT field 1, field 2, ……… (* represents all field
names)
FROM table name1, table name 2,…..

WHERE Predicate/ Condition
Query Design and Query Wizard
• Today we will write query using Design

and SQL View

A typical SQL query has the form
SELECT columnname, columnname, …..
FROM tablename, tablename, ……
WHERE P
P is a predicate.
• The result of an SQL query is a Table

• Create Database and Table from External
Data  Import Excel Sheet
• WorldCupMatches.xls

`

Few SELECT Queries
• Display stadium, city, referee name records
from worldcupmatches table.
SELECT *
FROM worldcupmatches;
--------------------------------------------------------------
SELECT stadium, city, referee
FROM worldcupmatches;
• Display stadium, city, referee name records

where home team is Italy.
SELECT stadium, city, referee
FROM worldcupmatches
Where city = “Italy”;

Display city from worldcupmatches where
stage is group 1 and attendance is more than
and equal to 50000.
SELECT city
FROM worldcupmatches
WHERE stage = "Group 1" and attendance
>=50000
AND, OR, >,<, >=,<=, =, <> or !=

DELETE records from Table
DELETE FROM tablename;
Example:
DELETE FROM vendor;
-----------------------------------------------------------
Deleting specified number of rows
DELETE FROM tablename
WHERE search condition;
Example:
DELETE FROM vendor
WHERE vendor_no=2009;
Query on TWO TABLES
Select *
From worldcupmatches, employee
Where worldcupmatches.year = 1990 and
employee.age>40;

Some More SQL
Commands Additional
Topics

Some Basic SQL Aggregate
Functions

Example Aggregate Function
Operations
COUNT
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT V_CODE)
FROM PRODUCT;
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT V_CODE)

FROM PRODUCT
WHERE P_PRICE <= 10.00;
MAX and MIN

SELECT MIN(P_PRICE)
FROM PRODUCT;
SELECT P_CODE, P_DESCRIPT, P_PRICE

FROM PRODUCT
WHERE P_PRICE = MAX(P_PRICE);
Contd..
SUM
SELECT SUM(P_ONHAND * P_PRICE)
FROM PRODUCT;
AVG
SELECT P_DESCRIPT, P_ONHAND, P_PRICE, V_CODE

FROM PRODUCT
WHERE P_PRICE >
(SELECT AVG(P_PRICE) FROM PRODUCT)
ORDER BY P_PRICE DESC;

Aggregate Functions – Group
By
• Find the number of depositors for each branch.
SELECT, COUNT (DISTINCT customer-name)

FROM depositor, account
WHERE depositor.account-number =
account.account-number
GROUP BY branch-name
Note: Attributes in select clause outside of

aggregate functions must appear in group by list

Aggregate Functions – Having
Clause
• Find the names of all branches where the average
account balance is more than $1,200.
SELECT branch-name, AVG (balance)
FROM account
GROUP BY branch-name
HAVING AVG (balance) > 1200
Note: predicates in the having clause are applied after the

formation of groups whereas predicates in the where
clause are applied before forming groups

Group By
• The GROUP BY clause groups records into
summary rows.
• GROUP BY returns one records for each group.
• GROUP BY typically also involves aggregates:
COUNT, MAX, SUM, AVG, etc.
• GROUP BY can group by one or more columns.
Syntax
SELECT column-names
FROM table-name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column-names

• List the number of customers in
each country
SELECT COUNT(Id), Country

FROM Customer
GROUP BY Country

General Syntax
SELECT column-names
FROM table-name
WHERE condition
HAVING condition
Order By Syntax
SELECT column-names
FROM table-name
WHERE condition
HAVING condition
ORDER BY column-names
• List the number of customers in each
country. Only include countries with
more than 10 customers.

FROM Customer
GROUP BY Country
HAVING COUNT(Id) > 10

• List the number of customers in each
country, except the USA, sorted high to
low. Only include countries with 9 or
more customers.
FROM Customer
WHERE Country <> 'USA'
GROUP BY Country
HAVING COUNT(Id) >= 9
ORDER BY COUNT(Id) DESC

Distinct Clause
SELECT DISTINCT column 1, column 2,..
FROM Table1;
Select distinct county from the table.

Select DISTICNT County
From Customers;

Data Models
• Provide the tool for defining data, data
relationship, semantics and consistency
constraints.
 Object based logical model :ER model,
semantic model, infological model, binary
model, object oriented model
 Record based logical model : Relational model,
network model and hierarchical model
 Physical model :unifying model and frame
memory

 Object based logical model :Describing
data at conceptual and view level
 Record based logical model : Describing
data at conceptual and view level.
 Physical model : Describing data at
physical.

Entity Relationship Model
Entity and Entity Sets
• An entity is an object that exists and is distinguishable from
other objects. For instance, Mohan Kumar with PAN 890-12-
3456 is an entity, as he can be uniquely identified as one
particular person in the universe.
• An entity may be concrete (a person or a book, for example)
or abstract (like a holiday or a concept).
• An entity set is a set of entities of the same type (e.g., all
persons having an account at a bank).
• Entity sets need not be disjoint. For example, the entity set
employee (all employees of a bank) and the entity set
customer (all customers of the bank) may have members in
common. For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore
• An entity is represented by a set of attributes.
Attributes are descriptive properties possessed
by each member of an entity set.
• Each entity has a value for each of its attributes.
• For each attribute, there is a set of permitted
values, called the domain, or value set, of that
attribute.
– The domain of attribute course_id might be the set of
all text strings of a certain length.

• An entity is represented by a set of attributes.
Attributes are descriptive properties possessed
by each member of an entity set.
• Each entity has a value for each of its attributes.
• For each attribute, there is a set of permitted
values, called the domain, or value set, of that
attribute.
– The domain of attribute course_id might be the set of
all text strings of a certain length.

Relationships & Relationship Sets
• A relationship is an association between several entities.
• A relationship set is a set of relationships of the same
type.
• Formally it is a mathematical relation on n>= 2 (possibly
non-distinct) entity sets. If E1, E2, E3, …………… En are
entity sets, then a relationship set R is a subset of
{(e1, e2, e3, e4,……, en )} | e1 є E1 , e1 є E1 , e2є E2,………. en є
En
Where (e1, e2, e3, e4,……, en ) is a relationship

• A relationship may also have attributes
called descriptive attributes.

Mapping Constraints
 An E-R scheme may define certain constraints to which the
contents of a database must conform.
 Mapping Cardinalities or cardinality ratios : express the number
of entities to which another entity can be associated via a
relationship. For binary relationship sets between entity sets A and
B, the mapping cardinality must be one of:
– One-to-one: An entity in A is associated with at most one entity

in B, and an entity in B is associated with at most one entity in A.
– One-to-many: An entity in A is associated with any number

(zero or more) in B. An entity in B is associated with at most one
entity in A.
– Many-to-one: An entity in A is associated with at most
one entity in B. An entity in B is associated with any
number (zero or more) in A.
– Many-to-many: An entity in A is associated with any

number (zero or more) of entities in B, and an entity in
B is associated with any number (zero or more) of
entities in A.

Mapping Constraints (contd..)
a x a x
b y y
b
c z z
c
d u u
E1 E2 E1 E2
A. One to one B. One to Many
a x a x
b y b y
c z c z
d d u
E1 E2 E1 E2
B. Many to One
D. Many to Many
a, b,c, d, x, y, z, u are ENTITY SETS

Symbols for ER Diagram
(New Terminology)
• Rectangles divided into two parts represent entity sets. The first part,
which in this textbook is shaded blue, contains the name of the entity
set. The second part contains the names of all the attributes of the
entity set.
• Diamonds represent relationship sets.
• Undivided rectangles represent the attributes of a relationship set.
Attributes that are part of the primary key are underlined.
• Lines link entity sets to relationship sets.
• Dashed lines link attributes of a relationship set to the relationship set.
• Double lines indicate total participation of an entity in a relationship
set.
• Double diamonds represent identifying relationship sets linked to
weak entity sets

The Entity Relationship Diagram
(Alternative/Old Terminology)
• We can express the overall logical structure of a database
graphically with an E-R diagram.
• Its components are:
• rectangles representing entity sets.
• ellipses representing attributes.
• diamonds representing relationship sets.
• lines linking attributes to entity sets and entity sets to relationship

sets.

Symbols used in ER Notation

Alternative ER Notations

Alternatives

Relationship Sets

Many to Many One to Many
Many to One
For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore One to one
ERD of University Enterprise

Implementation of ER Model
into MS Access

• Scope of databases/ Tables in the
following Videos:
– Amazon Go
– Drone Delivery
– VPS

Draw ERD for The Following –
30 minutes
• A company has several departments.
Each department has at least one
employee. Employee is assigned to a
project. Important entity sets are names of
the departments, projects and employees.
Draw an Entity Relationship Diagram
(ERD) for the same

company Department Employee
Name ID Id
Reg_No CAD Name Post
DEP
Location HOD Qualification
Contact
Project
Id
Name
incharge

Creating Query by Wizard –
30 minutes

• Quiz – II on Friday April 16, 2021
• Quiz – III During April 20 -22, 2021

Review
• Module I: Conceptual: Managing Information for
Business Initiatives
– Requirement of IS
– System, Subsystem, Process
– Data/information hierarchy
– Type of information systems
– Types of reports and its role in decision making
– Managing data
• Module II: Implementation
– Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
– Understanding MS-Access components
– Creating DB (Table and relations)
– Query database (Hands on) - Select query
– Creating Forms and MIS reports

Information Systems For Management: PGDM Term - III, Batch 2020-22 Session - I - X - NM

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Information Systems for

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

Dirty Car Washing Clean Car

Input Processing Output

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For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

1.Traditional competitors: Existing firms that share a firm's market space.

Product differentiation: Use information systems to enable

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

• Strengthen customer and supplier intimacy: Use information

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For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

1.The firm’s infrastructure, accounting,

• Benchmarking involves comparing the efficiency and effectiveness of

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

Staff Support Professionals

MIS Managerial systems

Operational Systems Line Managers

Information Infrastructure and TPS

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

Kilo Byte (KB) 103 210

Mega Byte (MB) 106 220

Giga Byte (GB) 109 230

Tera Byte (TB) 1012 240

Penta Byte (PB) 1015 250

Exa Byte (EB) = 1 Billion 1018 260

Yolta Byte (YB) 1024 280

Data can be in the Forform of@ Jaipuria

Concept of GIGO, Fat Finger and…..

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

 Non Numeric Data

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For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

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Example of Accounts Receivable System.

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For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore

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and Experts Systems

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Staff Support Professionals

MIS Managerial systems

Operational Systems Line Managers

TPS Office Automation & Communication Systems Clerical Staff

Information Infrastructure and TPS

For Circukation @ Jaipuria Indore