Experimental Design

Experimental Design
• A problem-solving approach that the study is described in the future on what will be when certain
variables are carefully controlled or manipulated.
• Distinct limitations when used in the fields of education, psychology and sociology.
• A research wherein a researcher manipulates and controls one or more independent variables for
variation to the manipulation of the dependent variable.
Illustration of Independent, Intervening and Dependent
Variables

Supplementary pH, Salinity,

Growth Rate
Feeds Oxygen, etc.
Types of Experimental Design
Counter balanced Complete
Single Group
or Latin square randomized
Design
Design Design

Randomized
Pretest-Posttest
Two-group Design complete block
group Design
Design

Parallel-group Correlational
Two-pair Design
Design Design
Single-group Design
• Involves a single treatment with two or more levels.
Teaching Mathematics in Three Methods to a Group of
Subjects
Subjects Method 1 Method 2 Method 3
1 70 75 80
2 80 83 85
3 75 79 80
4 83 85 90
5 81 87 89
6 77 80 85
7 79 82 87
Two-group Design
• Two comparable groups are employed as experimental and control groups.
Sample of Two-Group Design in Teaching Mathematics in
Traditional Approach (Control Group) and Modern Approach
(Experimental)
Scores of Subjects Mean (x̄
Control Group (Traditional) xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Experimental Group (Modern) xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Two-pair group Design
• An elaboration of the two-group design wherein there are two experimental groups and control groups.
Sample of Two-pair Group Design in Teaching Reading Using
Two Traditional Approaches (Control) and Two Modern
Approaches (Experimental)
Scores of Subjects
Traditional Approaches (Control) Modern Approaches (Experimental)
1 2 1 2
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
Parallel-group Design
• A design in which two or more groups are used at the same time with only one single variable (control
group) manipulated or changed.
• The experimental group varies while the parallel group serves as control for comparative purposes.
Sample of Parallel-Group Design on the Effectiveness of
Teaching Science in Traditional Approach and Two Modern
Approaches
Scores of Subjects
Control Group Experimental Group
Traditional Approach Modern Approaches
1 1 2
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
Pretest-Posttest Group Design
• Involves the experimental group and the control group which are carefully selected through
randomization procedures.
• Both groups are given pretest at the beginning of the semester and posttest at the end of the semester.
• But the control group is isolated from all experimental influences.
Sample of Pretest-Posttest Group Design on the Effect of
Teaching Physics using Traditional and Modern Approaches
Pretest Posttxest
x̄ x̄
Control Group (Traditional) X X
Experimental Group (Modern) X X
Counterbalanced or Latin Square Design
• This design is also called “rotation design”.
• It involves an exchange of two or more treatments taken by the subjects during the experiment.
• The arrangement employed in this design in Latin square in which each variable is a form of square
occurring once in each row or column.
• This is called quasi-experimental design.
Sample of Counterbalanced or Latin Square Design in
Teaching Mathematics Using Four Methods of Teaching by
Four Instructors
I1 I2 I3 I4
M1 S1 S2 S3 S4
M1 S2 S3 S4 S1
M1 S3 S4 S1 S2
M1 S4 S1 S2 S3
Complete Randomized Design
• This is a design in which a group of test plants or animals is studied only once but subsequent treatment
is applied to determine the cause of change.
• There is no control in this design but the subjects will undergo randomization procedures.
Randomized Complete Block Design
• This experimental design uses a group of test plants and animals as subjects of the study which are
studied once but subsequent treatments applied are replicated to determine the cause of change.
• There is control in this design and the subjects will undergo randomization process.
RCBD Sample of Cultivating Milkfish in the Fishpond Using
Fish Meal, Bread Meal and Ipil-ipil Leaves as Supplemental
Feeds
Treatment Replications
T1 X X X
T2 X X X
T3 X X X
T4 X X X
Correlational Design
• This experimental design is used to determine the relationship of two dependent variables (X and Y) on
how they are manipulated by the independent variable.
Sample of Independent and Dependent Variables of
Correlational Design

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

• Supplemental Feed • Weight (X)
• (Fish Meal) • Length (Y)