The document discusses different methods for producing fresh water on ships, including distillation and reverse osmosis. Distillation involves boiling or flashing sea water to produce steam and condensing it into pure water. Reverse osmosis uses semipermeable membranes to filter out salt from sea water under pressure. Regulations require distillation plants to operate at least 20 miles from shore to avoid polluted waters. Maintenance like descaling is needed to prevent performance issues in evaporators.
The document discusses different methods for producing fresh water on ships, including distillation and reverse osmosis. Distillation involves boiling or flashing sea water to produce steam and condensing it into pure water. Reverse osmosis uses semipermeable membranes to filter out salt from sea water under pressure. Regulations require distillation plants to operate at least 20 miles from shore to avoid polluted waters. Maintenance like descaling is needed to prevent performance issues in evaporators.
The document discusses different methods for producing fresh water on ships, including distillation and reverse osmosis. Distillation involves boiling or flashing sea water to produce steam and condensing it into pure water. Reverse osmosis uses semipermeable membranes to filter out salt from sea water under pressure. Regulations require distillation plants to operate at least 20 miles from shore to avoid polluted waters. Maintenance like descaling is needed to prevent performance issues in evaporators.
The document discusses different methods for producing fresh water on ships, including distillation and reverse osmosis. Distillation involves boiling or flashing sea water to produce steam and condensing it into pure water. Reverse osmosis uses semipermeable membranes to filter out salt from sea water under pressure. Regulations require distillation plants to operate at least 20 miles from shore to avoid polluted waters. Maintenance like descaling is needed to prevent performance issues in evaporators.
FRESH WATER PRODUCTION • FRESH WATER IS USED ON BOARD THE SHIP FOR FOLLOWING PURPOSES. 1. CREW USES ABOUT 70-225 litre/person/day. 2. IN MACHINERY SPACES TO MAKE UP COOLIMG SYSTEMS LOSSES, WATER TUBE BOILER etc., 3. HOTEL SERVICES ABOUT 50 tonnes / day.
• FRESH WATER CAN BE PRODUCED BY
FOLLOWING METHODS 1. DISTILLATION PROCESS: IN THIS DISTILLED WATER IS PRODUCED BY EVAPORATING SEA WATER EITHER BY A. BOILING PROCESS B. FLASH PROCESS. 2. REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS: THESE ARE USED FOR PRODUCING THE WATER INSTANTLY & IN SOME PASSANGER CRUISE VESSELS WHICH MAY REMAIN STOPPED AT SEA FOR VARIOUS REASONS.
• DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT ‘M’ NOTICE i.e.,
M620 SAYS THAT EVAPOPRATORS MUST NOT BE OPERATED WITHIN 20 miles OF THE COASTLINE & THIS DISTANCE MAY BE GREATER IN SOME CIRCUMSTANCES AS POLLUTION IS PRESENT IN SHORE WATERS FROM SEWAGE, DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL WASTE, POLLUTION FROM GROUNDING OR COLLISION OF SHIPS etc. BOILING PROCESS EVAPORATOR 1. IN THIS SEA WATER FROM THE SHIP’S SERVICE SYSTEM IS FIRST CIRCULATED THROUGH THE CONDENSER OF THE EVAPORATOR AND AT THE SAME TIME PART OF THIS WATER IS USED AS FEED WATER TO THE EVAPORATOR CHAMBER. SEA WATER FEED IS REGULATED BY FLOW CONTROLLER. 2. HOT JACKET COOLING WATER AT 650C FROM ENGINE OR STEAM IS PASSED THROUGH THE HEATER NEST. 3. BECAUSE OF THE REDUCED PRESSURE IN THE CHAMBER, SEA WATER BOILS AT ABOUT 450C. 4. THE STEAM PRODUCED RISES, BUT CARRY WITH IT, SMALL DTROPLETS OF SALT WATER WHICH MUST BE REMOVED TO AVOID THE CONTAMINATION OF WATER. 5. IN CONDENSING SECTION STEAM BECOMES PURE WATER, WHICH IS DRAWN OFF BY DISTILLATYE PUMP. ABOUT HALF OF SEA WATER FEED IS CONVERTED IN TO DISTILLED WATER & REMAINING IN TO BRINE. 6. DEMISTER MADE OF KNITTED MONEL METAL WIRE OR POLYPROPYLENE COLLECTS THE SALT FILLED WATER DROPLETS AS THEY ARE CARRIED THROUGH BY THE AIR. THESE DROPLETS COALESCE FORMING LARGE DROPLRETS & FALL BACK IN TO THE BOTTOM OF THE CHAMBER FORMING PART OF THE BRINE. 7. THE DENSITY OF SEA WATER COLLECTED AT BOTTOM OF CHAMBER MUST BE CONTROLLED BY CONTINUOSLY REMOVING THE BRINE. THIS IS DONE BY BRINE EJECTOR OR PUMP. 8. THE AIR AND OTHER GASES RELEASED BY HEATING OF SEA WATER, WHICH DO NOT GET CONDENSED ARE REMOVED BY THE AIR EJECTOR. SINGLE EJECTOR IS USED TO REMOVE BINE & THE AIR. 9. THE WEIR PROVIDED IN THE BOTTOPM OF THE CHAMBER CONTINUOSLY REMOVES THE EXTRA SALTY WATER OR BRINE & MAINTAINS THE DENSITY OF SALT WATER. EJECTOR WATER PUMP IS USED TO REMOVE THE BRINE. 10. SEA WATER CONTAINS CALCIUM BI-CARBONATE. THIS RELEASES CO2 GAS & LEAVES PLAIN CALCIUM CARBONATE IN PRECIPITATE FORM, WHICH HAS TENDENCY TO FORM THE SCALE. ALONG WITH THIS CALCIUM SULPHATE & MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS ALSO FORM THE SCALE. THESE SCALES FORMED CAN BE REMOVED BY PERIODIC CLEANING. 11. FOR REMOVAL OF THE SCALE EVAPORATOR IS DOSED WITH SYNTHETIC POLYMER. THIS CONVERTS THE SCALE FORMING SALT IN TO “FLOCC” WHICH IS DISCHARGED WITH THE BRINE. FLASH PROCESS EVAPORATOR • PRINCIPLE USED: WHEN A LIQUID CONTAINING A REASONABLE AMOUNT OF SENSIBLE HEAT AND AT A PARTICULAR PRESUURE IS ADMITTED TO A CHAMBER MAINTAINED AT A LOW PRESSURE, IMMEDIATELY FLASHES IN TO STEAM WITHOUT BOILING TAKING PLACE. • OPERATION: 1. THE SEA WATER FEED PUMP CIRCULATES THE SEA WATER THROUGH VAPOUR CONDENSERS AND THEN THROUGH PREHEATER. 2. IN PREHEATER STEAM IS USED TO HEAT THE SEA WATER, WHICH ABSORB THE LATENT HEAT OF STEAM WITH RESULANT GAIN IN ECONOMY. 3. THUS HEATED SEA WATER PASSES TO THE FIRST STAGE FLASH CHAMBER WHERE SOME OF IT FLASHES OFF & GET CONVERTED IN TO STEAM BECAUSE OF LOW PRESSURE. 4. AN AIR EJECTOR IS USED TO MAINTAIN THE LOW PRESSURE IN THE CHAMBERS & ALSO TO REMOVE ANY GASES RELEASED FROM SEA WATER. 5. AS THIS STEAM PASSES OVER THE DEMISTER, SALINE DROPLETS ARE PREVENTED WHICH FALL DOWN AT THE BOTTOM OF THE CHAMBER & FORM BRINE. 6. THE STEAM THEN RISES & GET CONDENSED IN TO WATER IN FIRST STAGE CONDENSER. 7. THE LATENT HEAT FROM FLASH STEAM IS RETURNED TO SEA WATER WHILE PASSING THROUGH THE CONDENSER. 8. THE HEATED WATER FURTHER PASSES TO THE SECOND STAGE FLASH CHAMBER, WHICH IS AT LOWER PRESSURE, AND MORE WATER FLASHES OFF IN TO STEAM. THIS STEAM IS ALSO DEMISTED & CONDENSED. 9. THE DISTILLED WATER FROM FIRST & THE SECOND STAGE IS THEN DRAWN OFF BY THE DISTILLATE PUMP AND SENT TO THE DISTILLED WATER TANK AFTER CHECKING IT’S SALINITY. 10. THE CONCENTRATED SEA WATER / BRINE FROM THE SECOND STAGE FLASH CHAMBER IS DRAWN OFF BY THE BRINE PUMP AND SENT TO OVER BOARD DISCHARGE. MAINTAINCE OF EVAPORATOR • SCALE IS FORMED OVER THE HEATING SURFACES OF THE EVAPORATOR DURING IT’S OPERATION WHICH DEPEND ON THE FLOW RATE OF SEA WATER & THE DENSITY OF BRINE FORMED. THIS SCALE AFFECT THE PERFORMANCE OF THE PLANT. SO IT IS TO BE REMOVED FROM TIME TO TIME DURING THE MAINTAINANCE. • SCALE FORMED CAN BE REMOVED FOLLOWING TWO METHODS 1. COLD SHOCKING: IN THIS ALTERNATE COOLING & HEATING OF THE TUBE SIRFACES IS DONE TO REDUCE SCALE FORMATION. 2. CLEANING: SHUT DOWN THE PLANT & REMOVE THE SCALE FORMED BY MANUALLY CLEANING OR CHEMICAL TREATMENT. OSMOSIS A. SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE IS LIKE A FILTER. THIS ALLOWS WATER MOLECULES TO PASS THROUGH, BUT NOT LARGER MOLECULES OF DISSOLVED SUBTANCES. THIS PHENOMENON IS CALLED OSMOSIS. B. OSMOSIS IS APPLICABLE IN ABSORPTION OF WATER OF GROUND THROUGH ROOTS IN PLANTS & ALSO APPLICABLE IN HUMAN BODY SYSTEM. REVERSE OSMOSIS • IN REVERSE OSMOSIS SALT WATER ON ONE SIDE OF THE MEMBRANE IS PRESSURISED BY A PUMP AND FORCED AGAINST THE MEMBRANE. • PURE WATER PASSES THROUGH BUT THE MEMBRANE PREVENTS THE PASSAGE OF THE SALTS. FOR PRODUCTION OF LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER LARGE AREA WITH STRONG MATERIAL IS REQUIRED. THIS ACHIEVED BY USING THE CARTRIDGE. THE CARTRIDGE • THIS CONSISTS OF POROUS STAINLESS STEEL TUBE WHICH FORMS THE CORE OF THE CARTRIDGE. THE CORE IS WRAPPED WITH NUMBER OF ENVELOPES. EACH ENVELOPE CONSISTING OF TWO SHEETS OF MEMBRANE & A SHHET OF POROUS SUBTANCE. THE ENVELPOES ARE FURTHER SEPARATED BY COARSE GAUZE SHEETS. • THE ENVELOPES AND THE SEPARATORS ARE WRAPPED AROUND THE CENTRAL CORE TUBE IN SPIRAL FORM TO GET A CYLINDRICAL SHAPE. THIS ASSEMBLY IS HOUSED IN A STAINLESS STEEL TUBE TO FORM THE CARTRIDGE. • IN REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANT NUMBER OF SUCH CARTRIDGES ARE USED IN PARALLEL TO INCREASE THE SURFACE AREA & HENCE TO INCREASE THE RATE OF FILTRATION / PRODUCTION.