MSE 202 IIT Kanpur

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Instructor: Dr. Shobit Omar

Materials Science & Engineering Department

Venue: Online Video

Date: Week 5, Lecture 15
MSE 202 Radiation Law IIT Kanpur
The spectral emissive power of a black body is given by

Planck’s Radiation Law

This law governs the intensity of radiation emitted by unit surface area
into a fixed direction from the blackbody as a function of wavelength for
a fixed temperature

The maximum emissive power at a given temperature is the black body

emissive power

Stefan- Boltzmann Law

Stefan-Boltzmann constant
5.67 X 10-8 W/m2K4
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MSE 202 Total Energy Emitted by a Body IIT Kanpur

A =surface area
ε = Emissivity

Remember

Emissivity is a material’s property , ranging from 0 to 1, which measures how

much energy a surface can emit with respect to an ideal emitter at the same
temperature

Surface for which emissivity is

independent of wavelength is
called “gray surface”

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MSE 202 Black & Gray Bodies IIT Kanpur
• A black body is an ideal emitter
• At a defined temperature, black body has the highest monochromatic
emissive power at all wavelengths

Black Body
– absorptivity = α =1
– emissivity = ε =1
– ideal emissive power = Eλ,b

Gray Body
– absorptivity < 1
– emissivity < 1
– emissive power < Eb

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MSE 202 Kirchoff’s Law IIT Kanpur
At thermal equilibrium, the power radiated by an object must be equal to the
power absorbed.
Black body
Heat given to the surrounding =

In order to maintain thermal equilibrium,

rate of heat flow should be zero

• Gray body will also reflect the incident radiation

• True for Gray bodies where α and ε are independent of λ

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MSE 202 Intensity IIT Kanpur
Monochromatic spectral intensity =
= Rate at which radiant energy is emitted at λ in direction φ and θ per unit
area normal to φ and θ, per unit solid angle per unit wavelength dλ about λ

rsinθdφ

rdθ
θ

dθ
dA2 = r2sinθdφdθ

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MSE 202 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces IIT Kanpur
Assumption: Surfaces are diffused

dA2
R

A2
dA1

A1

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MSE 202 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces IIT Kanpur
Assumption: Surfaces are diffused

dA2
R

A2
dA1

A1

In terms of spectral emissive power, Remember:

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MSE 202 Concept of View Factor IIT Kanpur
F12 = Fraction of energy emitted
by surface 1 is incident to
surface 2
F21 = Fraction of energy emitted
by surface 2 is incident to
surface 1

Reciprocity Relations

View factors can be determined by graph available in literature

Summation Rule

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MSE 202 Concept of View Factor IIT Kanpur
For 3 surfaces For N surfaces

Number of view factors = N2

Reciprocity Relations Number of reciprocity relations =

Number of summation relations = N

Summation Rule
Number of view factors required =

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MSE 202 Example IIT Kanpur

Two concentric shells Calculate the view factors for the heat
transfer for two concentric shells

A1
1
2

A2

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MSE 202 Example IIT Kanpur

Two concentric shells Calculate the view factors for the heat
transfer for two concentric shells

A1
1 F11 =0
2
A1F12 = A2F21
A2
F12 + F11 = 1

F12 = 1

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MSE 202 View Factor Algebra IIT Kanpur

Superposition Rule

The view factor from the surface to a composite surface is equal to the sum
of the view factors from the surface to the parts of the composite surface

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MSE 202 View Factor Algebra IIT Kanpur
Symmetry Rule
Two or more surfaces that possess symmetry about a third surface then both
the surfaces will have identical view factors from that third surface

Example

Determine the view factor from the base of

the pyramid to each of it four sides.

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MSE 202 View Factor IIT Kanpur

View factor between two aligned parallel rectangles of equal size.

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MSE 202 View Factor IIT Kanpur

View factor between two perpendicular rectangles with common edge.

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MSE 202 View Factor IIT Kanpur

View factor between two coaxial parallel disks.

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MSE 202 View Factor IIT Kanpur

(1) (2)
View factor for two concentric cylinders of finite length (1) outer cylinder to inner
cylinder (2) outer cylinder to itself
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MSE 202 Net Radiation Leaving IIT Kanpur
Diffuse-Gray Surface

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MSE 202 Net Radiation Leaving IIT Kanpur
Diffuse-Gray Surface

Applying Kirchoff’s Law

Driving
Force

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MSE 202 Circuit Analog IIT Kanpur

• Eb and J can be viewed

as potentials
• Heat transfer from
surface is flow
• Resistance can be
given as

Surface Radiation Resistance

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MSE 202 Net Radiation Heat Transfer between IIT Kanpur
Any Two Diffuse-Gray Surfaces

dAi
dAj

Radiation that leaves the entire surface i and strikes surface j =

Radiation that leaves the entire surface j and strikes surface i =

Net Rate of heat flow,

Applying reciprocity relations, Driving

Force

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MSE 202 Circuit Analog IIT Kanpur
Driving
Force

• Ji and Jj can be viewed as potentials

• Heat transfer from surface is flow
• Resistance can be given as

View Resistance

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MSE 202 IIT Kanpur

Rate Processes
Instructor: Dr. Shobit Omar

Materials Science & Engineering Department

Venue: Online Video

Date: Week 5, Lecture 15