Chapter 4

Partial Fraction

CONTENTS

4.1 Introduction of Partial Fraction

4.2 Denominator with single linear factor

4.3 Denominator with repeated linear factor

 At the end of the lesson, students will be able to O
explain the basic concept of Partial Fraction B
J
 At the end of the lesson, students will be able to
solve Partial Fraction with Linear Factor as the E
denominator C
T
I
V
E
Logo
 Logo

IMPROPER

PROPER

FRACTION

PARTIAL
FRACTION
 PROPER FRACTION

x x 2

x 2
2
x 2
4

A proper fraction is a fraction where the

numerator (the top number) is less than
the denominator (the bottom number)
IMPROPER FRACTION

x4 1 x2 1
x2 x 3
2

An improper fraction is a fraction where

the numerator (the top number) is
greater than or equal to the
denominator (the bottom number)
 PARTIAL FRACTION

Partial fraction is a sum of two or more proper fraction

P  x  a x  c x  The two simple fractions on the right-hand

  side are called the partial fractions of the

Q  x  b x  d  x  expression on the left-hand side.

Left side Right side

 Logo

SINGLE LINEAR FACTOR REPEATED

2x  3
2x  3
 x  1 3x  2
 x  1 2  3x  2

7x  8 Example 7x  8
 x  5 2 x  1  x  5 2 x  1 2

5x  1 5x  1
x x  1 2 x  1 x 2  x  1 2 x  1
What is linear factor?
The linear factors of a polynomial are

*the first-degree equations that are the building blocks of more

complex and higher-order polynomials

*appear in the form of ax + b and cannot be factored further

*Each linear factor represents a different line that, when combined

with other linear factors, result in different types of functions

Read more: Linear Factors of Polynomials | eHow

http://www.ehow.com/list_7317294_linear-factors-polyno
mials.html#ixzz2T26g73lH
Denominator with linear factor
REPEATE
D
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3

SINGLE
Example 1
Example
2

LINEAR
 SINGLE LINEAR FACTOR
when x  1
2x  3 2 x  3  A 3 x  2   B x  1
1. Express  x  1 3x  2 in partial fractions. 2  1  3  A 3  1  2 
x 1  0
x  1  5  A  1
2x  3 A B A5
 
 x  1 3x  2  x  1  3x  2 2
3x  2  0 when x
2 3
x
2x  3 A x  1 3 x  2  B  x  1 3 x  2  3 2 x  3  A 3 x  2   B x  1
 
 x  1 3x  2  x  1  3x  2  2  2 
2    3  B   1
 3  3 
2 x  3  A 3x  2  B  x  1  13 1
 B 
3 3
Final answer: B  13

2x  3 5 13
 
 x  1 3x  2  x  1  3x  2
 SINGLE LINEAR FACTOR
when x0
x0
5x  1 5 x  1  A x  1 2 x  1  Bx 2 x  1  Cx x  1
2. Express x x  1 2 x  1
in partial fractions. 5 0  1  A 0  1  2 0  1
1  A1  1
A  1
5x  1 A B C
  
xx x 11 2 x  1 x  x  1  2 x  1 x 1  0 when x  1
x  1 5 x  1  A x  1 2 x  1  Bx 2 x  1  Cx x  1

5  1  1  B  1  2  1  1
5x  1 Ax  x  1 2 x  1 Bx x  1 2 x  1 Cx  x  1 2 x  1
    4  B  1  3
x x  1 2 x  1 x  x  1  2 x  1 4
B
3
1
5 x  1  A x  1 2 x  1  Bx 2 x  1  Cx  x  1 2x 1  0 when x
2
1
x
2
5 x  1  A x  1 2 x  1  Bx 2 x  1  Cx x  1

Final answer: 1  1  1 

5   1  C    1
2  2  2 
5x  1 1 4 14
   7 3
x x  1 2 x  1 x 3 x  1 3 2 x  1 2
 C 
4
14
C
3
 REPEATED LINEAR FACTOR
x 1  0 when x 1
x  9 x  2  A x  1 x  3  B x  3  C  x  1
2 2

x  9x  2
2 x 1
1. Express in partial fractions. 1 2  91  2  B1  3
 x  1 2  x  3
1  9  2  B 4 
x2  9x  2 A B C B3
  
 xx  1 2  x  3  x  1  x  1 2  x  3 x3 0
when x  3
x  3
x 2  9 x  2  A x  1 x  3  B x  3  C  x  1
2

A x  1  x  3 B  x  1  x  3 C  x  1  x  3
2 2 2
x  9x  2
2
  
 x  1  x  3
2
 x  1  x  1 2  x  3   3 2  9  3  2  C   3  1 2
9  27  2  C 16
x 2  9 x  2  A x  1 x  3  B x  3  C  x  1
2
C  1

continue…..
continue…..

x 2  9 x  2  A x  1 x  3  B x  3  C  x  1
2

x 2  9 x  2  A x 2  2 x  3  B x  3  C  x 2  2 x  1
x 2  9 x  2  Ax 2  2 Ax  3 A  Bx  3B  Cx 2  2Cx  C

Compare coefficient
x 2 : x 2  Ax 2  Cx 2 x: 9 x  2 Ax  Bx  2Cx x0 : 2  3 A  3B  C
1 AC 9  2 A  B  2C 2  3 A  3 3    1
1  A    1 9  2 A  3  2  1  6  3 A
A2 4  2A A2
A2

Final answer:
x2  9x  2 2 3 1
  
 x  1 2  x  3  x  1  x  1 2  x  3
 REPEATED LINEAR FACTOR
when x  0
x0 x  1  Ax 3 x  5  B  3x  5  Cx 2
x 1
2. Express in partial fractions. 0  1  B 3 0   5
x 2  3 x  5
 1  B  5
1
x 1 A B C B
  2 5
xx  3x  55 x x
2
 3 x  5 3x  5  0 5
when x
5 3
x
3 x  1  Ax 3x  5  B  3 x  5  Cx 2
x 1 Ax 2  3 x  5 Bx 2  3 x  5 Cx 2  3x  5
   5  5
2

x 2  3 x  5 x x2  3 x  5   1  C  
3  3
8  25 
  C 
x  1  Ax 3x  5  B 3x  5  Cx 2 3  9 
24
C
25

continue…..
continue…..

x  1  Ax 3 x  5  B 3x  5  Cx 2

x  1  3 Ax 2  5 Ax  3Bx  5 B  Cx 2

Compare coefficient
x 2 : 0  3 Ax 2  Cx 2 x: x  5 Ax  3Bx x 0 :  1  5B
0  3A  C 1  5 A  3B 1
B
 24   1 5
0  3A     1  5 A  3  
 25   5
8 8
A  5A
25 5
8
A
25

Final answer:
x 1 8 1 24
  
x 2  3 x  5 25 x 5 x 2 25 3x  5
 REPEATED LINEAR FACTOR
x 1  0 when x  1
4 x  A x  2   B x  1 x  2   C  x  1
2 2

4x2 x 1
3. Express in partial fractions. 41  A1  2 
 x  1 x  2 2
2 2

4  A1
2
4x A B C A4
  
 x  1 xx222  x  1  x  2  x  2 2 x2 0
when x2
x2
4 x 2  A x  2  B x  1 x  2  C  x  1
2
A x  1 x  2  B x  1 x  2  C  x  1 x  2 
2 2 2 2
4x
  
 x  1 x  2 2
 x  1  x  2  x  2 2 4 2   C  2  1
2 2

16  C 1
4 x  A x  2  B x  1 x  2   C  x  1
2 2
C  16

continue…..
continue…..

4 x 2  A x  2   B x  1 x  2   C  x  1
2

4 x 2  A x 2  4 x  4   B x 2  3 x  2  C  x  1

4 x 2  Ax 2  4 Ax  4 A  Bx 2  3Bx  2 B  Cx  C

Compare coefficient
x 2 : 4 x 2  Ax 2  Bx 2 x: 0  4 Ax  3Bx  Cx x0 : 0  4 A  2B  C
4  A B 0  4 A  3 B  C 0  4 4   2 B  16
4  4 B 0  4 4   3B  16 0  2B
B0 0  3 B B0
B0

Final answer:
4x2 4 0 16
  
 x  1 x  2 2  x  1  x  2  x  2 2
 EXERCISE
Express all the questions below in partial fraction.
1 7x  8 6 x3
 x  5 2 x  1 x x  1

2 7x 7 x 2  23
 x  2 2  x  1 3  x  2
3 6 x 2  15 x  8 8 x3
 x  3 x  5 2  x  1 2  x  7 

4 4x2 9 x 1
 x  1 x  2 2  x  1 2  x  2
5 x 2  3x  8
x  x  2  x  1
Next topic:
 Partial Fraction with quadratic denominator
 CAN factorize
 CANNOT factorize