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Paper Analysis
Paper Analysis
INTRODUCTION
• Papyrus
• Paper is made from plant fibers called cellulose
HISTORY
• Ancient times- bones, rocks and caves
• Civilizations- bee waxed boards, palm leaves etc.
• 4000 years ago- Egyptians- papyrus
• A.D 105- Chinese invented papermaking
• 1411- first water papermill-Portuguese city of leerier
THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS
OF PAPER
• The process involves transformation of wood into a fine thin sheet of paper
Making pulp
Beating
Pulp to paper
Finishing
MAKING PULP
• Mechanical process- Debark grinders filtered
• Chemical process – Digesters Chips(sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide)
filters
BEATING
PULP TO PAPER
• Calendars
FINISHING
PAPER EXAMINATION
• Visual examination
• Chemical examination
• Instrumental examination
VISUAL EXAMINATION
• Compound microscope
• Working
• Sample preparation –
0.5g sample
1% sodium hydroxide solution
Hot plate 60 degree C
Wash the alkaline liquid
0.05N hydrochloric acid
250ml of distilled water
Bring the suspension to 0.1%
Retain 0.05% of pulp
CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
• Stains:
• Herzberg:
Solution A- zinc chloride solution
Solution B- 0.25g iodine,5.25g potassium iodide in 12.5ml of water
• C-stains:
Solution A- AlCl3.6H2O solution to 100ml of water
Solution B- calcium chloride solution
Solution C- ZnCl2 solution
Solution D- iodine-iodine solution
• Selleger stain
100g Ca(NO3)2.4H2O in 50ml water
3ml solution, 8g potassium iodide in 90ml water 1g Iodine
INSTRUMENTAL EXAMINATION
• XRD (X Ray powder diffraction)