Mathematical Modeling of a Residential Air-

conditioning System.
Department of Chemical Engineering, BUET

S.M . Mohaiminul islam Md. Shihabuzzaman

 Evaporator

1 3
Air side HT Co-efficient code Air side – Surface efficiency

Output : Output :
• Air Side (Heat transfer coefficient) • Surface efficiency air side.

Input: Input:
• Geometrical Parameters • Geometrical Parameters
• Air velocity • Air side heat-transfer coefficient.
• Air temperature • Heat exchanger material.

2 4
Refrigerant side HT Co-efficient
code
Output :
• Refrigerant (Heat transfer coefficient)
Input:
• Refrigerant flow rate
• Evaporator pressure
• Geometrical Parameters
Total power consumed by the fan.
Output :
• Power input needed.
Input:
• Friction factor of fins.
• Friction factor of tubes.
• Face velocity over the evaporator tubes.
 Evaporator
5
Overall Heat transferred.

Output :
• Total heat transferred.

Input:
• Refrigerant side heat transfer coefficient.
• Air-side heat transfer co-efficient.
• Face velocity over the evaporator tubes.
 COMPRESSOR
Overall Power required.

Output :
• Total heat transferred.

Input:
• Refrigerant mass & flow rate.
• Pressure of Evaporator & Condenser.
• Isentropic expansion coefficient of refrigerant.
 Evaporator
(Air Side)
"Evaporator Air Side" {All input data in mm}

Tair_evap= 33 [c]
Pair_evap=101.325
Vair_evap = 800 [m^3/hr]
rho_airevap = density(Air,T=Tair_evap,P=Pair_evap)
mair_evap = Vair_evap*rho_airevap*convert(1/hr,1/s)
Bair_e=28.5 [mm] "Vertical spacing between the tubes ina row"
Cair_e=24.2 [mm] "Spacing between the tubes in different rows"
tair_fe=.006*convert(in,mm) "Thickness of the fins"
d_oe=7.5 [mm] " Tube outer diameter"
Dair_e=1.7 [mm] "Center to center distance between the fins"
Hair_e=500 [mm] "Height of the Evaporator"
Wair_e=139 [mm] "Width of the evaporator"
Nair_e=2 "no of rows" "Number of rows in the direction of flow in the evaporator"
A_be = (pi*d_oe/1000)*(Wair_e/Dair_e)*(Hair_e/Bair_e)*((Dair_e-tair_fe)/1000)
"Bare Tube area"
A_fe = (Wair_e/Dair_e)*2*(Nair_e*(Cair_e/1000)-((Hair_e/Bair_e)*pi*(d_oe/1000)^2/4)) "Fin
area"
A_me = (Wair_e/Dair_e)*((Dair_e-tair_fe)/1000)*((Hair_e/1000)-(Hair_e/Bair_e)*(d_oe/1000))
"Minimum Flow area"
A_oe= A_be+A_fe "Total evaporator area"
Peri_e= A_oe/(Nair_e*Cair_e/1000) "Wetter Perimeter of the evaporator"
D_he= 4*A_me/Peri_e "Hydrolic diameter of the evaporator"
Afrontal_e= 0.500*0.139 [m^2] "Frontal area of the evaporator"
Test_evap= A_me/Afrontal_e "Minimum flow area to frontal area ratio"
Gemax_airevap=mair_evap/A_me "maximum mass velocity in the air side of the
evaporator“
mu_airevap=viscosity(Air,T=Tair_evap)
Re_airevap=(Gemax_airevap*D_he)/mu_airevap
Pr_airevap=prandtl(Air,T=Tair_evap)
K_airevap=conductivity(Air,T=Tair_evap)
h_airevap=.117*Re_airevap^.65*Pr_airevap^.66*(K_airevap/D_he)
 Evaporator
(Refrigerant Side)

"Evaporator refrigerant side code"

Ref$= 'R22'
{q_evap=(5250)
m_re=(Q_evap)/((En_refve*1000)-(En_refle*1000))}
d_ie= 7 *convert(mm,m)
Ai_re= pi*(d_ie^2)/4 [m^2]
m_re= 0.0285[kg/s]
G_re= m_re/Ai_re
Pref_e = 900[kpa]
X_ive = .1
X_Ile=1-x_ive
X_ove= .9
x_ole=1-x_ove
L_evap =40 [m]
T_evsat = Temperature(Ref$,P=Pref_e,X=0)
mu_refle= viscosity(Ref$,t=T_evsat,x=0)
k_refle=conductivity(Ref$, T=T_evsat, X=0)
En_refve= enthalpy(Ref$,P=Pref_e,X=1)
En_refle=enthalpy(Ref$,P=Pref_e,X=0)
Ifg_re=En_refve-En_refle
Re_refe=G_re*d_ie/mu_refle
c_conste= 0.0082 "Constant in the equation for calculating
evaporative heat transfer coefficient"
n_conste=0.4 "Constant in the equation for calculating
evaporative heat transfer coefficient"
A= ((x_ove-x_ive)*(ifg_re*1000)/(L_evap*9.8))
h_re =C_conste*(k_refle/d_ie)*((Re_refe^2*A))^n_conste
A_retotal= Pi*d_ie*L_evap
 Evaporator
(Air side Surface Efficiency)

"Evaporator air side surface efficiency code"

{Bair_e = 21
Cair_e = 18.16
tair_fe = .006*convert (in,mm)
d_oe= 7
h_airevap=87}

kcopper_finevap = k_('Copper',30) "Heat exchanger material"

Lfin_evap = Bair_e/2
Mfin_evap = ((Bair_e/2)^2 + Cair_e^2)^.5/2
Beta_finevap = Lfin_evap/Mfin_evap
Shi_finevap = Mfin_evap/(d_oe/2)
R_by_rfinevap = 1.27*Shi_finevap*(Beta_finevap-0.3)^.5
Phi_finevap = (R_by_rfinevap -1 )*(1+ 0.35*ln(R_by_rfinevap))

m_finevap = ((2*h_airevap)/(kcopper_finevap*(tair_fe/1000)))^.5

Eta_finevap =
tanh(m_finevap*(d_oe/(2*1000))*Phi_finevap)/(m_finevap*(d_oe/(2*1000))*Phi_finevap)

Eta_surfaceevap = 1-(A_fe/A_oe)*(1-Eta_finevap)
 Evaporator
(Power consumed by the fan)

"Evaporator fan power consumed"

Re_levap = ((Gemax_airevap*Cair_e*convert(mm,m))/(mu_airevap))
f_fin_e= ((Re_levap)^(-0.5))
v_me= 0.78 [m^3/kg]
P_fin_e = f_fin_e*v_me*(Gemax_airevap^2/2)*(A_fe/A_me)

"Pressure drop in the tubes"

{Vair_evap= 800 [m^3/hr]}
{mair_evap = V_dot_ac*1.146*convert(1/hr,1/s)}
{Nair_e=2}
{D_oe= 13.34*convert (mm,m)}
{Height_c= 0.500 [m]
Width_c= 0.139 [m]
A_c = Height_c*Width_c}
V_ac=(Vair_evap*convert(1/hr,1/sec))/Afrontal_e
a_test_evapfan= Cair_e/D_oe
q_cst_e = 0.343
r_cst_e = 0.303*10^3
s_cst_e = -0.717*10^5
t_cst_e = 0.880*10^7
u_e = -0.380*10^9
eu_c_e= q_cst_e + (r_cst_e/Re_D_e)+(s_cst_e/Re_d_e^2)+(t_cst_e/Re_d_e^3)+(u_e/Re_D_e^4)
Re_D_e= (gemax_airevap*(D_oe*convert(mm,m)))/mu_airevap
P_tube_e = ((eu_c_e)*(Gemax_airevap^2)*Nair_e)/(2*rho_airevap)
P_total_e= P_fin_e + P_tube_e

W_fan_e = (V_ac*P_total_e*Afrontal_e)/(0.70)
 Evaporator
(Total heat absorbed)

"Evaporator total heat absorbed code"

Cpref_e=specheat(Ref$,P=Pref_e,X=1) "Considering the

specheat of vapor phase of the refrigerant"
Cpair_e=specheat(Air,T=Tair_evap)
{Cpmin_e=Cpair_e}

UA_evap=1/((1/(h_re*A_retotal))+(1/
(h_airevap*A_oe*Eta_surfaceevap)))

NTU_evap=UA_evap/(Cpair_e*mair_evap*1000)

epsilon_evap= 1- exp(-NTU_evap)

Qmax_evap=(Cpair_e*1000)*(Tair_evap-T_evsat)*mair_evap

Q_evap=epsilon_evap*Qmax_evap
 Condenser
(Air side)

"Condenser Air Side" {All input data in mm}

{Tair_cond=30 [c]}
Pair_cond= 101.325 [kpa]
Vair_cond = 800 [m^3/hr]
rho_aircond = density(Air,T=Tair_cond,P=Pair_cond)
mair_cond = Vair_cond*rho_aircond*convert(1/hr,1/s)
Bair_c=25 [mm] "Vertical spacing between the tubes ina row"
Cair_c=20.8 [mm] "Spacing between the tubes in different
rows"
tair_fc=.006*convert(in,mm) "Thickness of the fins"
Dair_c=1.5 [mm] "Center to center distance between the fins"
d_oc=5.5 [mm] " Tube outer diameter"
Hair_c=500 [mm]
Wair_c=139 [mm]
Nair_c=2 "no of rows"
A_bc = (pi*d_oc/1000)*(Wair_c/Dair_c)*(Hair_c/Bair_c)*((Dair_c-
tair_fc)/1000) "Bare Tube area"
A_fc= (Wair_c/Dair_c)*2*(Nair_c*(Cair_c/1000)-
((Hair_c/Bair_c)*pi*(d_oc/1000)^2/4)) "Fin area"
A_mc = (Wair_c/Dair_c)*((Dair_c-tair_fc)/1000)*((Hair_c/1000)-
(Hair_c/Bair_c)*(d_oc/1000)) "Minimum Flow area"
A_oc= A_bc +A_fc
Peri_c= A_oc/(Nair_c*Cair_c/1000)
D_hc= 4*A_mc/Peri_c
Afrontal_c= .500*.139 [m^2]
Test_cond= A_mc/Afrontal_c
Gemax_aircond=mair_cond/A_mc
mu_aircond=viscosity(Air,T=Tair_cond)
Re_aircond=(Gemax_aircond*D_hc)/mu_aircond
Pr_aircond=prandtl(Air,T=Tair_cond)
K_aircond=conductivity(Air,T=Tair_cond)
h_aircond=.117*Re_aircond^.65*Pr_aircond^.66*(K_aircond/D_hc)
 Condenser
(Refrigerant Side)
"Condenser refrigerant side"
{Ref$ = 'R22' } " Refrigerant used"
d_ic= 5*convert(mm,m) " Internal diameter of the condenser tubes"
m_c= 0.0285 [kg/s] "mass flow of refrigerant"
Outair_tc=35 [C] "Ambient air temperature"
x_ivc=1.0 "Vapor fraction at condenser inlet"
x_ilc=(1-x_ivc)
x_ovc=0 "Vapor fraction at condenser outlet"
x_olc=(1-x_ovc)
P_c=2200[kpa] " Inlet pressure of Condeser tubes"
L_cond=40[m] " Total length of the condeser tubes"

k_lc=conductivity(Ref$,P=p_c,x=0) "Conductivity of the refrigerant in liquid state"

T_cdsat=temperature(Ref$,P=P_c,x=1) " Saturation temperature of the refrigerant

at the condenser pressure"
En_lc = enthalpy(Ref$,P=P_c,x=0) "Enthalpy of the refrigerant in liquid state
at the saturation temperature in the condeser pressure"
En_vc=enthalpy(Ref$,P=P_c,X=1) " Enthalpy of the refrigerant in the vapor
state at the saturation temperature in the condenser pressure"
ifg_c=En_vc-En_lc "Enthalpy of vaporation of the refrigerant"

mu_lc=viscosity(Ref$,p=P_c,x=0) "Visocity of the refrigerant in liquid state"

rho_lc=density(Ref$,p=P_c,x=0) "density of the refrigerant in liquid state"
rho_vc=density(Ref$,p=P_c,x=1) "density of the refrigerant in the vapor phase"
A_c2= (pi*d_ic^2)/4 [m^2] " internal cross-sectional area of the
condenser tubes"
G_lavg= (((x_ilc+x_olc)/2)*m_c)/A_c2 " Average mass velocity of the liquid fraction
of the refrigerant in the condenser"
G_vavg=(((x_ivc+x_ovc)/2)*m_c)/A_c2 " Average mass velocity of the vapor fraction
of the refrigerant in the condenser"
 Condenser
(Refrigerant side)

Test_1c= (d_ic*G_lavg)/mu_lc
Test_2c=((d_ic*G_vavg)/mu_lc)*(rho_lc/rho_vc)^0.5

c_pl=specheat(Ref$,p=p_c,x=0) "
specific heat of the liquid phase of the refrigerant "
deltat_c = Temperature(Ref$,P=P_c,x=0) - Outair_tc
"Temperature difference between the Refrigerant and tubewall"
Pr_l=prandtl(Ref$,P=P_c,x=0) "
Prandtl number of the refrigerant in liquid phase"

h_rc= 13.8*(Pr_l)^(1/3)
*(k_lc/d_ic)*((ifg_c*1000)/(c_pl*deltat_c))^(1/6)*Test_2c^0.2 "
heat transfer coefficient of the tube side of the condenser"

A_rctotal= pi*d_ic*L_cond
" total heat transfer area of the tube-side of the condenser"
 Condenser
(Air-side Surface efficiency)

"Condenser air side surface efficiency code"

{Bair_c = 25
Cair_c = 20.8
tair_fc = .006*convert (in,mm)
d_oc= 5.5
h_aircond=87}

kcopper_fincond = k_('Copper',30) "Heat exchanger material"

Lfin_cond = Bair_c/2
Mfin_cond = ((Bair_c/2)^2 + Cair_c^2)^.5/2
Beta_fincond = Lfin_cond/Mfin_cond
Shi_fincond = Mfin_cond/(d_oc/2)
R_by_rfincond = 1.27*Shi_fincond*(Beta_fincond-0.3)^.5
Phi_fincond = (R_by_rfincond -1 )*(1+ 0.35*ln(R_by_rfincond))

m_fincond = ((2*h_aircond)/(kcopper_fincond*(tair_fc/1000)))^.5
Eta_fincond = tanh(m_fincond*(d_oc/(2*1000))*Phi_fincond)/(m_fincond*(d_oc/(2*1000))*Phi_f
Eta_surfacecond = 1-(A_fc/A_oc)*(1-Eta_fincond)
 Condenser
(Fan power consumed)

"Pressure drop in fins"

{Ge_max=mair_evap/A_min
X_l= .02757 [m]}

Re_lcond = ((Gemax_aircond*Cair_c*convert(mm,m))/(mu_aircond))
f_fin_c= ((Re_lcond)^(-0.5))
{A_fe = 6.6 [m^2]
A_me=.053 [m^2]}
v_mc= 0.78 [m^3/kg]
P_fin_c = f_fin_c*v_mc*(Gemax_aircond^2/2)*(A_fc/A_mc)
"Pressure drop in the tubes"
{Vair_cond= 800 [m^3/hr]}
V_acc=(Vair_cond*convert(1/hr,1/sec))/Afrontal_c
{mair_cond = V_dot_ac*1.146*convert(1/hr,1/s)}

{Height_c= 0.500 [m]

Width_c= 0.139 [m]
A_c = Height_c*Width_c}
{Nair_e=2}
{D_oe= 13.34*convert (mm,m)}
a_test_condfan= Cair_c/d_oc
q_cst_c = 0.343
r_cst_c = 0.303*10^3
s_cst_c = -0.717*10^5
t_cst_c = 0.880*10^7
u_c = -0.380*10^9
eu_c_c= q_cst_c + (r_cst_c/Re_D_c)+(s_cst_c/Re_d_c^2)+(t_cst_c/Re_d_c^3)+(u_c/Re_D
Re_D_c= (Gemax_aircond*(D_oc*convert(mm,m)))/mu_aircond
P_tube_c = ((eu_c_c)*(Gemax_aircond^2)*Nair_c)/(2*rho_aircond)
P_total_c= P_fin_c + P_tube_c
W_fan_c = (V_acc*P_total_c*Afrontal_c)/(0.75)
 Condenser
(Total heat rejected)

"Total condenser"

Cpair_c=specheat(Air,T=Tair_cond)
Cpref_c=specheat(Ref$,P=P_c,x=1) "Considering the specheat
of the vapor phase of the refrigerant"
{Cpmin_c=Cpair_e}

UA_cond=1/((1/(h_rc*A_rctotal))+(1/
(h_aircond*A_oc*Eta_surfacecond)))

NTU_cond=UA_cond/(Cpair_c*1000*mair_cond)

epsilon_cond= 1- exp(-NTU_cond)

Qmax_cond=(Cpair_c*1000)*(T_cdsat-Tair_cond)*mair_cond

Q_cond=epsilon_cond*Qmax_cond
 COMPRESSOR
(Power Rec

gamma= 1.106

Mass_R22=84
R=8.314/Mass_R22

W_C = R*(T_evsat+273)*((gamma)/(gamma-1))*((((P_c)/(Pref_e))^(((gamma-1)/
(gamma))))-1)

WREAL_C=m_re*(W_C*1000)

COP=Q_evap/(WREAL_C+W_FAN_E+w_fan_c)

W_total = WREAL_C+W_FAN_E+w_fan_c
If you keep the air flow constant & increase the heat transfer , then surely the outlet
temperature of air will increase. (According to energy conservation principles)

Dilemma:
If we want to have more heat flow we need more Delta t ( More pressure in the condenser)
But higher temperature of the Refrigerant decreases the heat transfer co eff of the condenser.

I should always try to have as high HT coeff possible. As it is a one time investment.
So I should keep all the process variables at such an optimum level that I achieve a good heat flow
but I Also have a good heat transfer co-efficient.
(Air velocity in the evaporator)
Locus Optimus
 Effect of different materials
In the overall HT Co-efficient