Department of Computer Science and Engineering

PROJECT TITLE

AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE
Submitted by:

1. BIKRAM KARKI (1BH17CS014)

Under the Guidance of:
2. SHIVA RAJ KARKI (1BH17CS067)
3. SHIVANSHU PATHAK (1BH17CS068) Prof. SOHAN KUMAR GUPTA
4. SURESH THAPA (1BH17CS076) (HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)
Table of Contents
Introduction
History
SAE Levels
Physical Ecosystem & Components
Companies Investment
Areas of Innovations & Key Technologies
Conclusion
Introduction

An autonomous car is a vehicle capable of sensing its environment and operating without human
involvement. A human passenger is not required to take control of the vehicle at any time, nor is a human
passenger required to be present in the vehicle at all. An autonomous car can go anywhere a traditional
car goes and do everything that an experienced human driver does.
The term self-driving is often used interchangeably with autonomous. However, it’s a slightly different
thing. A self-driving car can drive itself in some or even all situations, but a human passenger must
always be present and ready to take control.
Autonomous cars rely on sensors, actuators, complex algorithms, machine learning systems, and
powerful processors to execute software.
History of Autonomous Vehicles
Uber hires 40
Carnegie Mellon
robotics researchers
Google’s to work on
FCC allocates 75 autonomous Tesla autonomous vehicles; NHTSA issues
MHz of Google car passes a releases its Ford begins testing revised safety
Introduction spectrum to begins self- 14-mile Auto-Pilot its self-driving cars in guidelines for
of Cruise Dedicated Short driving car driving test in self-driving CA, AZ, MI autonomous
Control Range project Nevada mode vehicles
Communications
1948 1999 2009 2012 2015 2015 2017

2007 2013 2013 2016 2016

Teams create Mercedes and NHTSA Major acquisitions NHTSA issues

vehicles that self- Infiniti produce releases and partnerships (GM guidelines for
navigate a 60-mile cars with radar initial policy and Cruise testing and
course as part of sensors and on Automation; GM and deployment of
DARPA “Grand some autonomous Lyft; Toyota and autonomous
Challenge” autonomous vehicles Jaybridge Robotics; vehicles
driving features Uber and Volvo)
Second Design trail Auto-Cad Design
Front fixing slots

Front wheel place

Servo position

Side fixing slots

Driving motor
position

Back fixing slots

Side Cover

Front
wheels
Ultrasound slots
sensors slots

The cover
fixing slots

Arduino cable slot

Back wheels
The Base slots
fixing slots
Basic diagram for vehicle
H-Bridge[ motor-driver]
Connection between Arduino and motor through H-
bridge
Relation of Arduino and battery through servo
connector
Dual motor connection with Arduino using H-bridge
SAE Levels of
Automation
Basic Physical Ecosystem of an Autonomous Vehicle
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Light Detection and Ranging
(LIDAR)
• Cameras (Video)
• Ultrasonic Sensors
• Central Computer(Respberry
Pi)
• Radar Sensors
• Dedicated Short-Range
Communications-Based Receiver
Key Physical Components of Autonomous Vehicles
• Cameras – Provide real-time obstacle detection to facilitate lane departure and track
roadway information (like road signs).
• Radar – Radio waves detect short & long-range depth.
• LIDAR – Measures distance by illuminating target with pulsed laser light and measuring
reflected pulses with sensors to create 3-D map of area.
• GPS – Triangulates position of car using satellites.Current GPS technology is limited to a certain
distance. Advanced GPS is in development.
• Ultrasonic Sensors – Uses high-frequency sound waves and bounce-back to calculate
distance. Best in close range.
• Central Computer – “Brain” of the vehicle. Receives information from various
components and helps direct vehicle overall.
• DRSC - Based Receiver – Communications device permitting vehicle to communicate with
other vehicles (V2V) using DSRC, a wireless communication standard that enables reliable
data transmission in active safety applications. NHTSA has promoted the use of DSRC.
Cameras
Provide real-time obstacle detection to facilitate lane departure and track roadway information (like road
signs).
LIDAR
Measures distance by illuminating target with pulsed laser light and measuring reflected pulses with
sensors to create 3-D map of area.
GPS (Global Positioning System)
Triangulates position of car using satellites.Current GPS technology is limited to a certain distance.
Advanced GPS is in development.
Connection Between Arduino & Respberry Pi
Companies Investing in Autonomous Vehicles
Vehicles operating in SAE levels of automation 1-3 are already in commercial use and
many companies are investing further in developing highly and fully automated vehicles

44+
Areas of Innovation
• Autonomous Driving: Navigating a vehicle without human input from
passengers using sensory (LIDAR), control, and navigation equipment that
responds to the environment when traveling.

• Driver Assistance: Enhances vehicle systems for safety and improved

driving when the driver is in control. Technology includes blind-spot
detection, pedestrian detection, lane-departure warnings, intelligent braking,
traffic-sign recognition, automatic braking, and adaptive cruise control.

• Telematics: Includes telecommunications, vehicular technologies, road

transportation, road safety, electrical engineering (sensors, instrumentation,
wireless communications, etc.), computer science (multimedia, Internet, etc.),
GPS technology, DSRC, V2V, and V2I.
Key Technology Areas
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) – In order for the AV to operate in a full range of
environments with millions of changing aspects that will need to be accounted
for, it will require AI, which will allow the base level software to be developed
and tested with a self-learning capability.
• GPS – These global positioning systems will be a critical link for AV to
determine their location as they move.
• Dedicated short range communications (DSRC) – The ability for vehicles to
communicate with each other (“vehicle-to-vehicle” or “V2V”) and infrastructure
(“vehicle-to-infrastructure” or “V2I”).
• LIDAR – LIDAR is a radar system that emits a laser in a pattern similar to a
rotating radar, only in more discrete and densely-spaced increments. The reflected
laser light is used to provide the AV information on the distance for each discrete
laser emission.
Conclusion
 Autonomous vehicles are good for society because it will give us more time, less accidents, and
continue to advance in technology. Self-driving cars have the possibility of preventing 90% of car
accidents that occur from human errors. With less and less accidents, we can save money on car parts,
there will be less waste in the environment, and injuries and deaths will decrease.
However, automation isn't completely positive. Jobs will be lost, feuds will occur if an accident happens
between a self-driving car and a regular car (liability issues), and it will be difficult to fully transition to
autonomous cars. Automation in general is shifting jobs from labor to technologically-based. This will be
bad for some people, but overall is good because it promotes education and innovation
Thank You!