Construction of sewer

Done by -
Mirunalan sughumar
Bade srinivasa rao
Palaparthi nagendra
Ajay.Kattepogu
Ravi teja
Saravana bharthi
 Introduction
CONSTRUCTION OF SEWERS
1.  Sewers
Sewers are underground
are expensive to constructpipes
and if or
not conduits which
built correctly
remedial works canto
carry sewage bethe
disruptive
point ,of
time consumingor
discharge , costly
and , in some circumstances, have adverse effects on
disposal.reputation.
company’s
2. In many instances, a lot of mistakes can be avoided by
considering
 The sewage the specification
originating andfrom
requirements beforepasses
a building and
during construction.
through fixtures and then lead to lateral sewers,
3. This is on –site guide for contractors and operatives
which in sewers,
constructing turn discharge
with adviceinto
notessub mains
provided or main
to avoid
sewers
some of the common on the site errors.
 Trenching and Bedding
TRENCHING AND BEDDING
 Trenches must be adequately supported, free from
1. Trenchesboulders
must be andadequately supported,
tree roots must free from boulders
be taken out.
and tree roots must be taken out.
2. Muddy  ground,
Muddy ground,
water and watersoft
andareas
soft areas in the
in the trenchbase
trench base must
must be removed.
be removed.
3. Materials,
 The spoil andmust
trench equipment mustprotected
be adequately be storedfromsafely and
slips, trips,
plant shouldfallsbe
, site traffic , and
operated have aa safe
within safe means
workingof access.
distance.
4. The trench must be adequately protected from slips, trips,
falls , sitetraffic , and have
In addition, a safe
care must bemeans
taken toof access.
prevent site debris,
sludge or silt from entering the sewer network which
could ultimately case flow restrictions, blockages ,
flooding, pollution and also affect the receiving
wastewater treatment works.
 Trenching
TRENCHING and bedding
AND BEDDING
 Trenches should be adequately dewatered to provide a firm base
not dug wider than necessary as excessive loading may be
placed on the pipe. 1. Trenches should be
adequately dewatered to
provide a firm base not dug
wider than necessary as
excessive loading may be
placed on the pipe.
2. Should ground conditions
be unsuitable for pipe laying
and manhole construction,
 In addition, care must be taken to prevent site debris,
an network
sludge or silt from entering the sewer engineer must
which be
could
consulted,flooding,
ultimately cause flow restrictions, blockages to design a
pollution
solution
and also affect the receiving wastewater treatment works.
MANHOLE CHAMBERS
MANHOLE CHAMBER
S
 Manholes should e constructed where there1. Manholes
is a changeshould be constructed where
of direction and
or a change of gradient, or where access is there is a for maintenance purposes.
required change of direction and/or a
Such changes in direction or gradient mustchange
be made of gradient,
within theor where access is
channel and
not outside of the manhole or concealed by required
benching. for maintenance purposes.
Such changes in direction
or gradient must be made within the
channel and not outside of
 Manholes should also be positioned 0.5 m the manhole or concealed by benching.
away from curb lines, preferably with 2. Manholes should also be positioned 0.5
the manhole cover positioned away from m away from curb lines, preferably with
the wheel line of traffic the manhole cover positioned away
from the wheel line of traffic
MANHOLE CHAMBERS
MANHOLE CHAMBERS
1. Chamber ring diameters should be selected on size
of manhole inlets and outlets and should also be able
 Chamber ring diameters should be selected on size
to accommodate the numberand
of manhole inlets ofoutlets
connections, associated
and should channels
also be able
and provideto accommodate the
a minimum 600 mm x 600
number of mm landing area.
connections, associated
2. For 600 mm diameter pipes and
channels above, where
and provide a minimum benching
600 mm x 600 and
mm landing area.
a landing area is constructed 50% diameter above invert, a 500 mm
x 150 mm recess must be cast within the manhole base, for step
 For 600 mm diameter pipes and above, where benching and
irons to be installed to lead down to the main channel invert.
a landing area is constructed 50% diameter above invert, a
3. For 600 mm 500diameter surface water sewers and
mm x 150 mm recess above
must be cast within
with headroom limited to 2 m
the manhole base, or less,
for step suitable access into
irons to the
be installed to lead down
channel cantobetheachieved by a forming a recess within
main channel invert.
the manhole base, with step rungs installed leading down to
a landing area formed and finishing at a point 150 mm above
channel invert. Step rungs must be plumb and vertical alignment as
shown below.
 For 600 mm diameter surface water sewers and above with 
headroom limited to 2 m or less, suitable access into the channel
can be achieved by a forming a recess within the manhole base,
with step rungs installed leading down to a landing area formed
and finishing at a point 150 mm above channel invert. Step rungs
must be plumb and vertical alignment as shown below.
INSTALLATION:
 Locate the positions of the manholes.
Lay a sewer line between two manholes.

 Centre line pegs of the sewer are at a distance of every 7.5m or 15m.

 Centre line should be properly maintained by providing an offset

at every 2-3m.
 Pipe laying and beddings:
PIPE LAYING AND BEDDINGS
Pipes must be evenly bedded along the


1. Pipes must be length

evenlyof the pipe,
bedded alongusually full bed
the length andpipe,
of the
surround
usually full bed for semi
and surround forrigid
semiand flexible
rigid pipe pipe
and flexible
materials. materials.
 Rigid pipes may require less granular
2. Rigid pipes may require less granular bedding material.
bedding material.
3. Sewers located within highway or areas of traffic should
Sewers
have 1.2 ofcover located
. In other within
areas, 0.9 highway
m of coveror is
areas
required.
of traffic should have 1.2 of cover . In
4. Where this is not possible, a full protective concrete bed and
other areas, 0.9 m of cover is required.
surround must be provided, inclusive of flexible joints.
 Where this is not possible, a full protective
concrete bed and surround must be
provided, inclusive of flexible joints.
JOINTING OF PIPE
Jointing of pipe
1. Pipes should be laid in 3m maximum lengths with the joints
1. Pipes
‘pushed home’ should
intobesockets.
laid in 3m maximum lengths with the
joints ‘pushed home’ into sockets.
2. Furthermore, care must be taken to ensure the pipe jointing
seals are free from grit, silt etc. which will likely cause the
pipe length to fail later air testing .
3. It is recommended that sewers are air tested at regular
intervals as pipes are laid.
4. Pipes should be cleanly cut, be free from defects and laid
without fall and dips.
 Furthermore, care must be taken to ensure the pipe
jointing seals are free from grit, silt etc. which will likely
cause the pipe length to fail later air testing .

 It is recommended that sewers are air tested at regular

intervals as pipes are laid.

 Pipes should be cleanly cut, be free from defects and laid

without fall and dips.
Connection checklist:

 Inspect the joint to ensure correct alignment.

 Check that no foreign material is infiltrating the joint

 Check the seal has stayed in place

 Gradients and backfilling
GRADIENTS AND BACKFILLING
1. 1.
It isItrecommended
is recommended that that sewers
sewersareare
laidlaid
using pipe lasers
using pipe to archive
lasers to a
single consistent gradient.
archive a single consistent gradient.
2. Where
2. Where there
thereisislittle fallsuch
little fall suchasas gradient
gradient up toup to 1:150
1:150 extra
extra care
careshould
should be taken
be taken to prevent dips. dips.
to prevent
3. Back laying of pipes should be avoided where possible as
level errors and the positioning of unforeseen.
4. Pipes should be backfilled and compaction in 150 mm layers
to 399 mm above the pipe crown.
5. Care should be taken during compaction so that the sewers
remains in good line and level, in particular adjacent to
manhole chambers.
 Gradients and backfilling

 Back laying of pipes should be avoided

where possible as level errors and the
positioning of unforeseen.

 Pipes should be backfilled and compaction

in 150 mm layers to 399 mm above the pipe
crown.

 Care should be taken during compaction so

that the sewers remains in good line and
level, in particular adjacent to manhole
chambers.
Testing of sewer - AIR TESTING:

 Check the bungs are in good condition

 Check that the inflation ports are in good

condition and that they don’t leak

 Ensure that the bungs are free from cracks

and dirt.
 Fill up air by pump up to 100mm of water
Back filling:
 Before starting to backfill we must ensure that no dust
or dirt gets inside the pipes.

 So, stick a wooden board against the pipe so that it holds

the pipe in position and prevent the pipe from any of the
backfill entering the pipe.
 Back filling should be done around the pipe

 Once the back filling and compaction is complete, the air test should
repeated to ensure joint integrity.
 Testing of sewers - MIRROR TEST
TESTING OF SEWERS
 The straightness of the sewer pipe can be tested by
placing a mirror at one of the sewer line and a lamp
at the other end.


1. The straightness of the sewer
If the pipe line is straight , the full circle of light
will be observed . pipe can be tested by placing
a mirror at one of the sewer
line and a lamp at the other
end.
2. If the pipe line is straight ,
the full circle of light will be
observed .
3. However , if the pipe line is
non-straight, this would be
 apparent
However , if the pipe line is non-straight, thisand the mirror will
would
also
be apparent and the mirror will also indicate
indicate any any obstruction
obstruction in the pipe barrel. in the pipe barrel.
 Testing of OF
TESTING sewer - BALL TEST
SEWER
1. Any obstructing present in the pipe can also be tested by
inserting
 atAnytheobstructing
upper end of the
present sewer
in the pipe acan
smooth
also be ball
testedofby
insertingless
diameter 13mm at the upper
than end of the
internal sewer a smooth
diameter of the ball
sewerof pipe.
diameter 13mm less than internal diameter of the sewer
2. In the absence
pipe. of any obstruction, such as yarn or motor
projecting the joints etc. the ball shall roll down the invert of
the sewer pipe and emerge at the lower end.
 In the absence of any obstruction, such as yarn or motor
projecting the joints etc. the ball shall roll down the invert
of the sewer pipe and emerge at the lower end.
CONNECTIONS
 Pre-formed junction connections Oblique preformed
junctions only must be installed using proprietary couplings. ‘T junctions must not
be used. Openings in the existing sewer must be squarely and accurately cut,
free from rough edges. The installed fitting should be in good alignment with the
existing sewer.

 Core-drilled saddle connections All saddle

connections must be core-drilled. It should be noted that forming openings using
circular cutting wheels weakens the pipe and causes structural defects.
Oblique saddle fittings must be used on pipes less than 450 mm diameter.
Proprietary saddle fittings must be used on all connections. The internal
saddle fitting diameter must not be greater than 1/3 of the main sewer internal
diameter.

 Back drop connections Generally, internal

backdrop connections are not permitted. Should an external backdrop have a
high risk of blockages, a rodding point extending to ground level should be
provided
 FIXINGS AND RAILS
Fixings and rails
1. Safety chains are required on sewer outlets greater than 525
mm internal diameter. The chain must be 8 mm diameter and
1. Safety chains are required on sewer outlets greater than
made from stainless steel.diameter. The chain must be 8 mm
525 mm internal
2. diameter and
Stainless steel and, made from stainless
in some circumstances,steel.
GRP handrails and balustrades are permitted
2. Stainless steel and, in some circumstances,
GRP handrails and balustrades are permitted