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Ta 104 TCP
Ta 104 TCP
Ta 104 TCP
1. Internetworking
2. Addressing
3. Routing
4. Packetizing
5. Data Switching
6. Congestion Control etc.
Transport layer
The transport layer is situated above the internet layer of
TCP model. The functioning of this layer is same as the
functioning of transport layer in OSI model. In this layer,
the byte stream is divided into message and these
messages are passed on to the internet layer. The
transport layer provides the services like segmentation and
fragmentation of messages. It also handles the flow control
so that a fast sender should not overflow a slow receiver.
The protocols used in this layer are
1) TCP :It is a reliable connection oriented protocol. It allows a
byte stream transmitted from one machine to be delivered to
the other machine without introducing any errors. TCP also
handles the flow control.
2) UDP: (User Datagram Protocol) It is an unreliable,
connectionless protocol and used for the applications which do
not want the TCP's sequencing or flow control. It is used in
transmitting speech or video.
Main functions of transport layer are:
1. Segmenting and reassembly
2. Sequence Numbering
3. Connection control
4. Flow control
5. Error control
6. Multiplexing
Application Layer
This is the topmost layer of TCP/IP layer. It is the layer
seen by the application program and hence is user oriented
layer which provides services to support end user of
network directly. A message or data to be sent across
network enters the TCP/IP model at this point and then
travels down ward into then through transmission line unto
host-to-network layer of destination & then upwards up to
application layer of receiver end system. It provides
services that directly support user applications such as
database access, email and file transfer.
This layer uses the various protocol to transfer the data
between applications. Some common protocol used in this
layer are:
(a) FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
FTP is used for file transfer between inter network nodes.
b) SMTP (Simple Mail transfer Protocol)
It is used for exchanging e-mail.
c)Telnet
It is used for remote terminal emulation. It enables user to
access hostbased applications by emulating one of the host's
terminals. Telnet provides connectivity between dissimilar
operating systems. Telnet is a general purpose client-server
application program.
d) DNS (Domain Name Systems)
The DNS is used to convert the domain name into the IP
addresses. To identify an entity, TCP/IP protocol use the
IP address which uniquely identify the connection of a
host to the internet. However, people prefer to use name
instead of addresses. Therefore DNS maps a name to an
address and conversely.
(e) HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
HTTP is an internet protocol designed for a specific
application, the World Wide Web (WWW).