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Ulrichs
Ulrichs
Quanta to Quarks
Rutherford scattering
6 MeV alpha
Number of protons Z
Nucleus:-
Z protons
(atomic number)
N neutrons
Total
A=Z+N
(mass number)
nucleons
Number of neutrons N
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Alpha decay
X(A,Z) => Y(A-4,Z-2) +
neutron
s
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Alpha decay is
Alpha decay-1 a two body decay
Both the alpha and the recoil nucleus have
the same momentum in opposite directions.
Qmd
E
md m
Beta decay
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Inward bound
1 am = 10-18 m
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Inward
Inward Bound
bound
Particle diffraction
Similar diffraction behaviour is observed for scattering of
electrons, neutrons by nuclei and crystals etc.
h hc
2 2 4
p ET m c
Accelerator -1
CERN
LEP
e+e-
Up to~
200GeV+200GeV
LHC
Pp
8Tev+8Tev
8.6 km
diameter
CERN photo
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Accelerator -2
CERN
LEP
LHC
Tunnel
physicist
CERN photo
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electron neutrino e 0 ~0
mu-minus -e 105.66 0.1126
mu-neutrino 0 0
tau-minus -e 1777 1.894
tau-neutrino 0 ~0
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electron antineutrino e 0 ~0
mu antineutrino 0 ~0
tau-plus
+ +e 1777 1.894
tau antineutrino
0 ~0
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Symbol:- either
the electric charge as a superscript eg: - and +, e- and e+
or
particle P anti-particle P (often said as P-bar)
Neutral particles/anti-particles:-
some are the same (Majorana) eg 0 and
some are different (Dirac) eg neutron, neutrino
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lepton numbers
lepton number anti-lepton
lepton number
le l l le l l
electron e- 1 0 0 -1 0 0
electron neutrino e 1 0 0 -1 0 0
mu 0 1 0 0 -1 0
mu-neutrino 0 1 0 0 -1 0
tau 0 0 1 0 0 -1
tau-neutrino 0 0 1 0 0 -1
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+ => +e+ + e
+ => + +
down d -1/3 ~3
up u +2/3 ~6
q = +2e/3 q = -e/3
Quark picture 1983
according to
Frank Close
“Cosmic Onion”
Heinemann Educational
Books
1983
anti-up u +2/3 ~6
up u 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0
strange s 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
charm c 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0
bottom b 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
top t 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 -1
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Generations 1 2 3
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Fundamental forces
force exchange "charge" range mass how many
boson m/mp different
kinds?
gravity graviton mass infinite zero one
photons y n y n
Z0 y y n n
W+, W- y y y n
gluons y n n y
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Conservation laws - 1
The following quantities are conserved in all interactions
Ie:- the total before must be the same as the total afterwards
• Charge
• Energy
• Linear momentum
• Angular momentum
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Conservation laws - 2
The following quantities are conserved in interactions as
indicated:- S strong; E electromagnetic; W weak
S E W
• Baryon number y y y
• Lepton flavour numbers y y y
• Quark flavour numbers y y n
• Colour y n/a n/a
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Classification of particles:
photons, leptons, mesons and baryons
Still useful:-
turns out that this also describes structure and quark content.
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hadrons
Baryons Contain quarks Mesons
hadrons
Baryons Mesons
valence quarks
gluons and
sea quarks a quark and
three quarks
or an anti-quark
three anti-quarks
(anti baryons)
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d
the proton uud
u u
+ sea quarks and gluons
+ 0 -
“colour - 1”
Chromodynamics :- theory of the strong interaction,
colour plays the same role as charge in electrodynamics.
“colour - 2”
Mesons:- quark(colour)+anti-quark(anti-colour)
e u
First generation:
e d
c
Second generation:
s
t
Third generation:
b
Bosons don’t:-
“any number of identical bosons can occupy the same
quantum state”
Fermions have half integral spin:- 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, 7/2 …..
Geiger–Nuttal rule:-
large Z, low E = long half-life
Gamow-Condon and
Gurney prediction based
on alpha tunneling .
Z
E
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Energy of
free
emitted alpha
radial distance
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p => n + e+ + e
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u => d + W+
+ + e
d
u
d d
u
u
W+ +
e
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u => d + W+
+ + e
d
u
d d
u
u
W+ +
Quark flavour e
changed lepton/antilepton pair
created
The END
not really, but I’ll stop here anyway
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short range
ge r R
m 0 : p r
r
R
radial distance r
mc
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120
number surviving after N
100
80
throws
Series1
60
Series2
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40
number of throws, N
Dice thrown for each nucleus until get 1 or 2 then go to next nucleus