BILDHAAN COLLEGE

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 BACTERIA : BACTERIOLOGY
Bacteria are microscopic living organisms, usually one-celled,
that can be found everywhere.
Bacteria are prokaryotes, meaning they are made up of cells
with membraneless organelles
They are very small and can be harmful or beneficial.
Need a microscope to see

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FEATURES OF BACTERIA
 Cell wall: made up peptidoglycan
 Cell membrane: mycoplasma
 Cell type : prokaryotic
 Replication: binary fission
 organelles: membrane bounded
 DNA and RNA: both
 Size 0.3-2 micrometer

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 EUKARYOTES VS. PROKARYOTES
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes  DNA
 DNA  Nonmembrane, nucleiod
 Membrane, nucleus  One circular chromosome
 Multiple chromosomes  No histones
 Associated with histones
 Organelles
 Organelles  Cell Walls: peptidoglycan
 Cell Walls  Division
 Division  Asexual
 Sexual: Meiosis  Binary Fission
 Asexual: Mitosis  Snapping
 Motility: Flagella whips  Budding
 Motility: Flagella spins
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Bacteria can be autotrophy or heterotrophy.
Those that are classified as autotrophs are either photosynthetic,
obtaining energy from sunlight or chemosynthetic, breaking
down inorganic substances for energy .
Those that are classified as heterotrophs derive energy from
breaking down complex organic compounds in the environment.
This includes saprobes, bacteria that feed on decaying material and
organic wastes, as well as those that live as parasites, absorbing
nutrients from living organisms.

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Depending on the species, bacteria can be aerobic which
means they require oxygen to live or anaerobic which
means oxygen is deadly to them.

According to cell wall

Green patches are green sulfur
bacteria.  The rust patches are colonies
of purple non sulfur bacteria.  The red
patches are purple sulfur bacteria.

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 BACTERIA GROUPED AS
1. Grame positive bacteria
 Corynebacterium (Gram +) C. Diphtheriae
 Mycobacterium (Gram +) M tuberculosis
 Mycoplasma (Gram +) Walking pneumonia
 Staphylococcus (Gram +) S. epidermidis
 Streptococcus (Gram +)S pneumonia
 Clostridium (Gram +)
C. tetani: tetanus
C. perfringens: food poison.

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 2. GRAME NEGATIVE BACTERIA
 Portabella (gram -): B. Pertussis
 Campylobacter (gram -): GI infections
 Chlamydia (gram -): STD Trachoma Pneumonia
 Escherichia (gram -) {E. coli}:Normal GI tract
 Helicobacter (gram -) Peptic Ulcer
 Hemophilus (gram -) H influenzae (respiratory infections)

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CONTINUE…………
 Vibrio (gram -) Cholera GI disease
 Treponema (gram -) T pallidum -syphilis
 Shigella (gram -) Dysentery
 Salmonella (gram -) typhus Food poisoning
 Neisseria (gram -)
N gonorrheae
N meningitidis

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BACTERIAL SHAPES

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HOW DO THEY LOOK LIKE?
Bacilli
Three basic shapes
 Rod shaped called bacilli
 Round shaped called cocci (cox-eye)
 Spiral shaped spirochetes

Some exist as single cells, others Cocci

cluster together

Cluster of cocci Spiral

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 Chlamydia
OTHER BACTERIA
Pathogenic
 Chlamydia
 Spirochetes
Treponema [syphilis]
Borrelia [Lyme ds]

Borrelia
Treponema

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What doesBACTERIA
it meanARE
toALIVE!
be alive?
They reproduce (make more of themselves)
They need to eat
How do bacteria reproduce?
Grow in number not in size

Humans grow in size from child to adult

Make copies of themselves by dividing in half

Human parents create a child

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 HOW DO BACTERIA EAT?
Some make their own food from sunlight—like plants
Some are scavengers
 Share the environment around them
Example: The bacteria in your stomach are now eating what you ate for
breakfast
Some are warriors (pathogens)
 They attack other living things
Example: The bacteria on your face can attack skin causing infection and
acne

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 Where do you get the bacteria?
 Contact with people who are sick

 -Direct or indirect
 Food, Water, or other Surfaces that are contaminated

Are all bacteria pathogens?

No, most are harmless and even helpful
There are many bacteria which humans need every day.
They live on us and in us and we NEED them,They are called our
“NORMAL FLORA”

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 Bacterial Diseases
A. Airborne Bacterial Diseases
B. Foodborne & Waterborne Bacterial Diseases
C. Soilborne Bacterial Diseases
D. Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Diseases

F. And others
How bacteria be prevented?
1. Wash your hands often so you won’t transfer bacteria to your mouth
or food
2. Cook food thoroughly to kill any pathogens that may be in your food
3. Store food properly to limit pathogen growth
Cold temperatures (40F)
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MICROBES AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

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THE END
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