Internal Combustion Engines

Engr. M. Tayyab

International Islamic University

Islamabad
 Basics of IC Engines

Combustion engines
✔ Chemical energy in fuel converted to thermal energy by combustion or
oxidation
✔ Heat engine converts chemical energy into mechanical energy
✔ Thermal energy raises temperature and pressure of gases within engine, and
gas expands against mechanical mechanisms of engine

Combustion
✔ fuel is burned within the engine (including e.g. rocket Internal engines, jet
Engines, firearms)
✔ External: combustion is external to the engine (e.g. steam turbine, Stirling
engine, etc)
 Classification of IC Engines
✔ Ignition
✔ Number of strokes
✔ Valve location
✔ Design
✔ Position and number of cylinders
✔ Air intake
✔ Fuel input method
✔ Fuel used
✔ Cooling
 Ignition
✔ Spark ignition (SI): high-voltage electrical discharge
between two electrodes ignites air-fuel mixture in
combustion chamber surrounding spark plug, Petrol
Engine.

✔ Compression ignition (CI): air-fuel mixture self-

ignites due to high temperature in combustion chamber
caused by high compression, Diesel engine
 Number of Strokes

✔ Four-stroke: four piston movements over two

engine revolutions for each engine cycle.

✔ Two-stroke: two piston movements over one

revolution for each engine cycle.
 Valve Location
✔ Valves in head
✔ Valves in block
✔ One valve in head and one in block (less common)
Valve in Block
 Design

✔ Reciprocating
✔ Rotary
 Reciprocating engines

✔ Engine has one or more

cylinders in which, Pistons
reciprocate back and forth
✔ Combustion chamber in closed
end of cylinders.
✔ Power delivered to rotating
output crankshaft by mechanical
linkage with pistons.
 Rotary engines
✔ Engine made of block (stator) built around
large non-concentric rotor and crankshaft.
✔ Combustion chambers are built into the non-
rotating block.
 Position and number of cylinders
Single cylinder (e.g. lawnmowers,Motorcycles)
In-line or straight: cylinders in straight line, one behind the other
in length of crankshaft
V: two banks of cylinders at an angle with each other along a
single crankshaft, angle typically 60-90◦
Flat or opposed cylinder (V with 180◦): two banks of cylinders
opposite each other on a single crankshaft (small aircrafts)
W: three banks of cylinders on same crankshaft (not common)
Opposed piston engine: two pistons in each cylinder, combustion
chamber between pistons
Radial engine: cylinders positioned radialy around crankshaft
 Position of Cylinders

In-line

Flat
 Air Intake

✔ Naturally aspirated: no air pressure boost

✔ Supercharged: air pressure increased with
compressor driven by crankshaft
✔ Turbocharged: air pressure increased by turbine-
compressor driven by exhaust gases
✔ Crankcase compressed: two-stroke engine with
crankcase as intake air compressor
Turbocharger
 Fuel Input Method
Carbureted: air-fuel mixed at
throat
 Fuel Input Method
Fuel injection

✔ Multipoint port fuel injection: one or

more injectors at each cylinder intake

✔ Throttle body fuel injection:

injectors upstream of intake manifold
 Fuel Used
✔ Gasoline
✔ Diesel or fuel oil
✔ Gas (natural gas or methane)
✔ Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG): mainly propane,
propylene, butane, and butylene
✔ Alcohol (ethyl, methyl)
✔ Dual fuel (e.g. methane/diesel)
✔ Gasohol (e.g. 90% gasoline, 10% alcohol)
✔ Biodiesel: cleaner-burning diesel fuel made from
natural, renewable sources such as vegetable oils
 Cooling

✔Air cooled
✔ Water cooled
 Terminology I
TDC: top dead center, piston position farthest from
crankshaft
BDC: bottom dead center, piston position nearest to
crankshaft
Direct fuel injection: into main combustion chamber
Indirect fuel injection: into a secondary chamber
Bore: diameter of cylinder or piston face
Stroke: distance that piston moves
Clearance volume: volume in combustion chamber at TDC
Displacement volume: volume displaced by piston
Ignition delay: Time between start of ignition and start of
combustion
 Terminology II
✔ Air-fuel ratio: Ratio of mass flow rate of air
to that of fuel
✔ Specific fuel consumption: fuel used per unit
power
✔ Emissions: NOx, CO, HC, solids
Engine components
 Engine Components
Block: body of engine containing cylinders
Bearing: main bearing for crankshaft
Camshaft: rotating shaft used to push open valves at the proper
time in engine cycle
Carburetor: Venturi flow device to draw fuel and mix with air
Catalytic converter: reduces emissions by chemical reaction
Combustion chamber: volume between cylinder head and
piston face
Connecting rod: connects piston with crankshaft
Crankcase: part of engine block surrounding crankshaft
Crankshaft: rotating shaft through which engine work output
is supplied to external systems, rotated by reciprocating pistons
through connecting rods
 Engine Components
Exhaust manifold: piping which carries exhaust gases away from
engine cylinders
Fan: to increase air flow through radiator
Flywheel: to smoothen engine rotation
Fuel injector: pressurized nozzle to inject fuel into air or cylinder
Fuel pump: to move fuel from tank to engine
Glow plug: electrical resistance inside combustion chamber to
help cold start
Head: piece which closes end of cylinders
Head gasket: sealant between engine block and head
Intake manifold: piping which delivers incoming air to cylinders
Oil pan: oil reservoir on bottom of engine block, part of the
crankcase
 Engine Components
Oil pump: to distribute oil from sump
Oil sump: reservoir for the oil system of the engine
Piston rings: metal rings around piston to seal gap between piston
and cylinder
Push rods: linkage between camshaft and valves on OHV engines
Radiator: liquid to air heat exchanger to cool engine
Rod bearing: rod connecting the piston with the rotating crankshaft
Spark plug: creates high-voltage discharge across an electrode gap
Starter: hand starter, electric motor, or small IC engines for large IC
engines
 Engine Components
Supercharger: compressor powered from crankshaft to
compress incoming air
Throttle: butterfly valve at upstream end of intake
manifold to control air flow rate into SI engine
Turbocharger: turbine-compressor powered by exhaust
flow to compress incoming air valves; controls flow of air
in and out of the cylinders
Water jacket: liquid flow passages around cylinder for
cooling
Water pump: to circulate coolant
 4-stroke SI engine operation
First stroke: intake or induction

✔ Piston travels from TDC (top dead center) to BDC

(bottom dead center) with intake valve open and
exhaust valve closed

✔ Volume increases in combustion chamber and

creates vacuum

✔ Air sucked into the cylinder

✔ As air passes through intake system, fuel is added

 4-stroke SI engine operation
Second stroke: compression

✔ Piston reaches BDC, intake

valve closes and piston travels
back to TDC with all valves closed
✔ Air-fuel mixture compresses and
temperature and pressure increase
✔ Near end of compression stroke,
spark plug fired and combustion
initiated
 4-stroke SI engine operation

Combustion
✔ Piston near TDC: nearly constant-volume combustion
✔ Changes composition of gas mixture to exhaust products and
temperature and pressure increases
 4-stroke SI engine operation
Third stroke: expansion

✔ All valves closed

✔ High pressure pushes piston away from
TDC: produces work output of engine cycle
✔ Piston moves from TDC to BDC: volume
increases and pressure and temperature drop
 4-stroke SI engine operation
Fourth stroke: exhaust

✔ When piston is at BDC cylinder is still full of

exhaust gases at atmospheric pressure
✔ Exhaust valve stays open and piston moves from
BDC to TDC pushing out most of the remaining
exhaust gases into the exhaust system
✔ Near end of exhaust stroke before TDC, intake
valve starts to open and is fully open by TDC when
intake stroke starts next cycle
✔ Near TDC the exhaust valve starts to close and is
fully closed sometime after TDC
✔ Period where both intake valve and exhaust valve
are open is called valve overlap
Four-stroke SI operating cycle
 4-stroke CI engine operation
First stroke: intake
Second stroke: compression/Combustion
Third stroke: power
Fourth stroke: exhaust
2-stroke SI engine operation
Combustion: occurs quickly with piston at TDC
First stroke: expansion power
Exhaust blowdown
Intake and scavenging: simultaneous intake and exhaust
2-stroke CI engine operation

✔ Differences with respect to 2-stroke SI

✔ No fuel added to incoming air; only air is compressed
✔ Fuel injector located in cylinder
 Diesel engine

✔ Uses heat of compression to initiate ignition

and burn fuel
✔ Fuel injected into the combustion chamber
during final stage of compression
Engine Parameters