DNA SEQUENCE

ANALYSIS

By – Darshana D Ghadi
Definition -

The term DNA sequencing refers to sequencing methods for determining

the order of the nucleotide bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
—in a molecule of DNA.

The rapid speed of sequencing attained with modern DNA sequencing

technology has been instrumental in the sequencing of the human genome,
in the Human Genome Project.
 HISTORY

RNA sequencing was one of the earliest forms of nucleotide sequencing

The first DNA sequences were obtained in the early 1970s by academic
researchers using laborious methods based on two-dimensional
chromatography.

Following the development of dye-based sequencing methods with

automated analysis, DNA sequencing has become easier and orders of
magnitude faster.
Maxam–Gilbert sequencing –
Also known as "chemical sequencing",
This method originated in the study of RNA-protein interactions (footprinting)

Chain-termination methods –
The chain-terminator method (or Sanger method after its developer Frederick
Sanger) is more efficient and uses fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of
radioactivity than the method of Maxam and Gilbert, it rapidly became the
method of choice.

Dye-terminator sequencing –
Dye-terminator sequencing utilizes labelling of the chain terminator ddNTPs,
which permits sequencing in a single reaction, rather than four reactions as in
the labelled-primer method.
 Benefits of DNA Sequencing

DNA sequencing is most frequently used to determine genome sequence.

Five years after the completion of the human genome project, we are
seeing its impacts on biomedical research.

Several genes have been identied to associate with genetic conditions,

including familial breast cancer and colorectal cancer, Alzheimer's
disease, myotonic dystrophy, neurofibromatosis and fragile X syndrome.

Many emerging science and technological fields rely heavily on DNA

sequencing.

Nutrigenetics is the study of how our genetic makeup affects our

responses to diet.
 DNA Sequencing Market

The market of DNA sequencing technologies and DNA-based products is projected to

reach $45 billion by 2009 and will continue to grow in the next decade.

DNA sequencing is no longer expensive.

With less than $1000, you can have your DNA analyzed at companies like 23andMe,
and DeCode Genetics.

Thesse companies also offer health and diet advices based on the results of DNA
analysis.

The future of DNA sequencing is single-molecule sequencing. Rather reading the

signal of fluorescently labeled bases from thousands molecules, single-molecule
sequencing technique can read the signal from a single molecule. The technique,
developed by Helicos Biosciences based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, will further
speed up the process of DNA sequencing
Applications of DNA Sequencing
 1. DNA sequencing information is important for planning the procedure and
method of gene manipulation. 
2. DNA sequencing is used for construction of restriction endonuclease map.
3. It is used to find tandem repeats or inverted repeat for the possibility of
hairpin formations.
4. The sequences can be used to find whether any open reading frame (ORF)
coding for a polypeptide exists.
5. DNA sequences can be used to find a polypeptide sequence from the data
bank or to compare with DNA sequences from other animals for
phylogenetic analysis.
6. They are used to construct the molecular evolution map.
7. They are useful in identifying exons and introns.
THANK
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