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LNG Basics For Petroleum Engineers: Michael Choi Retired
LNG Basics For Petroleum Engineers: Michael Choi Retired
LNG Basics For Petroleum Engineers: Michael Choi Retired
Michael Choi
Retired
1
Primary funding is provided by
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Stranded Gas Looking for Markets
• LNG Proved to be Most Economic for Distances >1,500 Mile
• Volume Reduction of 600:1
• Transported in Insulated Tankers @ -162C & 1 atm.
Supply
Demand
4
LNG Process & Equipment ?
• Compressor/Driver
• Refrigerant Condenser
• Evaporator (Process
Heat Exchanger)
5
Typical 2-Train LNG Plant
Make- Fuel
Up Fuel
Gas
Train 1
Gathering
Inlet Gas Gas Inlet Gas NGL Liquefaction LNG Storage
Reception Treating Recovery
1.5 Bcfd Liquid LNG
8 Mtpa
NGL (1.1 Bcfd)
Train 2
Fractionation
Propane Propane
Condensate Storage .73 Mtpa
Stabilization (27 Mbpd)
Butane Butane
Storage .5 Mtpa
(17 Mbpd)
Condensate Condensate
Storage 1.2 Mtpa
(34 Mbpd)
6
Typical 2-Train LNG Plant
Make- Fuel
Up Fuel
Gas
Train 1
Gathering
Inlet Gas Gas Inlet Gas NGL Liquefaction LNG Storage
Reception Treating Recovery
1.7 Bcfd Liquid LNG
Inlet Gas ReceptionInlet Gas TreatingNGL Recovery
9 Mtpa
• Pipeline
• Amine
NGL • forScrub
Manifold
FractionationCO Column/KO
2 &
Train NGLafter C3 Pre-Cool
2 H2S Removal
(1.2 Bcfd)
• Pig
• Deethanizer •
Receivers<50• Primarily
ppm & < 4 C4+
ppmFractionation
to Prevent Freezing
• Inlet
• VaporSeparator• LNG
• Compression
Sulfur Heat Value
Recovery Unit ifImportant
H2S for US & Propane Propane
Condensate Storage
• Slug •Catcher
Mol Sieve European Markets
Dehydration* .73 Mtpa
• Depropanizer & Treating
Stabilization (27 Mbpd)
• < 100 • 1,070 btu/scf Max
ppb
• 95% & 200 psig VP
Condensate Stabilization Butane Butane
• Mercury •<15ppm
Vapor Need Turbo-Expander for High
Removal* Storage
• <.5ppm
• Multi-Stage
H 2 S & Column S
C3+ Removal
.5 Mtpa
(17 Mbpd)
• Debutanizer • Activated
• Vapor &Compressor
Treating Carbon Adsorber Condensate Condensate
• 95%
• 10-12
& 70psiapsigRVP
VP @100F Storage 1.2 Mtpa
(34 Mbpd)
• <.5ppm
• De-Odorized
H2S & <15ppm S
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180,000 M3 LNG Tank
• Full-Containment Tank to Reduce
Impound Area & Improve Safety
• Approx. 75M Dia x 40M H
• Insulated for <.05%/D of Boil-off
• Top Entry In-Tank Pumps
8
Inside the Tanks
Single-Stage Multi-Stage
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Cost of Refrigeration
Methane
or Nitrogen
Cost/Btu
Removed
Ethylene Air/Water
Propane
-162C Temperature 25C
11
Natural Gas Liquefaction Processes
25C
Gas Cooling
Condensation
Temperature
Min. DT
Liquid
Sub-cooling
-162C
Temperature
• CoP License, Plant Build by Bechtel
3th Stage
1st Stage
Ethylene Refrig
2nd Stage
1st Stage
2nd Stage
Methane Refrig. .
-260F 3th Stage
Kenai, Alaska
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C3 Precooled – Mixed Refrigerant Process
• Most Widely Used Licensed by APCI 80F Propane
Refrig.
2nd Stage
Propane PreCooled
Mixed Refrigerant Cycle
Temperature
3th Stage
Mixed Refrigerant
-260F
14
APCI AP-X Process
• Largest Train Capacity @ 8 Mtpa
• Overcome Spiral Wound MCHE Limit APCI Supplies
• Process Design
• First Unit Started in 2009 (QG-II)
• Cold Boxes
• No Plants Outside of Qatar • Spiral Wound Exchanger
• Turbo-Expanders
15
All Processes Use Similar Equipment
17
APCI’s MR Main Cryogenic Heat Exchanger (MCHE)
Spiral Wound Design
18
Heat Exchanger for Cascade Process
Plate Fin
Exchanger
• Many Manufacturers
• Use Extensively in Air Separation
• Cascade & Other LNG Processes
Cold Box Configuration
19
Advances in LNG Plants
Onshore
Conventional Design
Near-shore
GBS Design
Offshore
Steel or Concrete
Floater
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FLNG is about to be Reality
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LNG ?
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