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Dna Replication
Dna Replication
Mitosis
-prophase
-metaphase
-anaphase
-telophase
Fill out DNA Replication
Enzymes CHART
• Lots of enzymes are needed
to start each step
Enzyme Topoisomerase
also called DNA gyrase
• Unwinds double helix
Enzyme Enzyme
DNA
Topoisomerase
Topoisomerase Youtube I and II
(1:45)
• Topoisomerase Animation (2:16)
Enzyme Helicase:
Helicase
separates (breaking H-
bonds) double helix at the
replication fork
DNA-RNA-Protein (see ani)
YOU TUBE DNA replication (1:05)
Helicase
DNA Helicase
• The enzyme is unwinding the chain and
breaking the H-bonds between the
complementary base pairs (A-T, G-C).
Enzyme:
Primase
Helicase Primase
Helicase
= the enzyme
that makes RNA
nucleotides
into a primer
RNA Primer
• Nucleotides for the starting point
for DNA replication
• Short strands of RNA
DNA replication is initiated at many
points in eukaryotic chromosomes.
• Called Replication Bubbles
• They will eventually all meet to form whole
replicated strand
DNA Replication Bubble: DNA
duplicates in both directions
EM of DNA replication
Origins of Replication
• sites along the DNA molecule where
enzymes start the DNA replication - then
proceeds in both directions to form
“bubbles”
Replication Forks
Y-shaped regions of replicating DNA
molecules where new strands are
growing.
SSB’s
single strand binding proteins
• Stabilize the DNA strands as they
are being replicated
• Prevents rejoining of DNA strands
DNA Polymerases
• DNA Polymerase I
• Cuts off RNA primers and fills in with DNA
(between Okazaki fragments) –lagging strand
• Can proofread
• DNA Polymerase III
• Elongates the strand by adding DNA
nucleotides on leading strand
• Also proofreads and corrects the DNA
strand
Anti-parallel strand builds in
the opposite direction (but
always in 5’ to 3’ direction)
Leading Strand Lagging Strand
• Template strand of • Other DNA strand
DNA • Forms short strands
• Continuous addition of Okazaki fragments
of nitrogenous bases (that will be joined
• in 5’ to 3’ direction later)
• McGraw-Hill Replication Fork • in the 5’ to 3’ direction
• DNA Replication You Tube (1:35)
• OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS
• The short strands of newly made DNA
fragments on the lagging strand are called
Okazaki fragments after the Japanese
Biochemist Reiji Okazaki.
•
Enzyme: DNA Ligase
a linking enzyme joins the strands
DNA ligase
Okazaki Fragment 1 Okazaki Fragment 2
5’ 3’
3’ Lagging Strand
5’
DNA LIGASE
is the enzyme that
joins the Okazaki
fragments (sugar
-phosphate backbone)
with covalent bonds
DNA REPLICATION (loo
k for ligase)
2:00
SUMMARY
DNA Replication (5:45) –
shows all the enzymes
• Summary Youtube of DNA replication (4:11)
• Good explanation of the 5’ to 3’ strands
and leading and lagging strands
Includes all your friendly
enzymes
• DNA Replication (3:56) Great animation
How Fast?
Typically
about one in
a billion
nucleotides
is incorrectly
paired
DNA Replication Activity
Work in Lab Groups
• Card stock papers
are original DNA
strands
• Colored paper are
new DNA strands
• MAKE OWN
ENZYMES-
construction paper
Proofreading
DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’
Answer:
DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’
DNA 3’-CGCATAC-5’
QUESTION
• In this diagram of the process of DNA
replication at a replication fork, the strand
labeled B is the:
• A template strand
• B lagging strand
• C leading strand
• D Okazaki fragment
• E RNA primer
QUESTION
• In this diagram of the process of DNA
replication at a replication fork, the newly
synthesized DNA strand labeled C is the:
A coding strand
• B parental DNA
• C leading strand
• D lagging strand
ANSWER
• C lagging strand
• B 3'-ATGCTAGTATA-5'