Assist. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Karahöyük Office: Z-08 Email: Mustafakarahoyuk@beykent - Edu.tr

+
INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE

CHAPTER III: IDEOLOGIES
Assist. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Karahöyük

Office: Z-08
Email: mustafakarahoyuk@beykent.edu.tr
Political Science: An Introduction
Chapter 3
Political Ideologies
(William Manning/Corbis)
Copyright @ 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
+Ideology
 Ideology: A belicertain doctrines

 Pragmatic: Using whatever works without theory or ideology
 Political ideologies are not scientific; Political ideologies are not
political science; they are not calm, rational attempts to understand
political systems. Rather, they are commitments to change political
systems.
 They are prescriptions for how to run or change a society
 All ideologies ef system that society can be improved by following
are flawed in some respect
+Ideology
As Anthony Downs put it, ideology is “a verbal image of the

good society, and of the chief means of constructing such a
society.”
In politics, ideology cements together movements, parties, and

revolutionary groups.
To fight and endure sacrifices, people need ideological

motivation— something to believe in.
+
How Ideologies Relate to One Another
6
Major Ideologies
Classic Liberalism
Classic Conservatism
Modern Liberalism
Modern Conservatism
Marxist Socialism
Social Democracy
Communism
Nationalism
Fascism
+ Classic Liberalism
 Rooted in Locke’s philosophy:
 All people are free and equal
 We have basic rights (natural rights) that government cannot
take away: life, liberty, and property
 Government can be changed if it doesn’t meet our needs
 Mercantilism – Policy of protecting a country’s
economy with tariffs, monopolies, and subsidies to
companies
 Adam Smith gave classic liberalism its final
element: free competitive markets
 The Invisible Hand
 In late 19th century, classic liberalism split into what
we label as modern liberalism and conservatism
John Locke
8
Classic Liberalism
 Scottish economist Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations ,

thereby founding classic laissez-faire economics. The true wealth of
nations, Smith argued, is not in the amount of gold and silver
they amass but in the amount of goods and services their people
produce. Smith was refuting an earlier notion, called mercantilism ,
that the bullion in a nation’s treasury determined its wealth.
+Classic Liberalism – Problems with Free
Markets
 Adam Smith’s laissez-faire capitalism had several problems:
 Competition is imperfect; companies tend to distort markets through
cartels and rig markets to create monopolies
 A large underclass of very poor is created, with a small class of the very
wealthy
 Manufacturing firms use “free goods” such as air and fresh water as they
wish, creating shortages and pollution
 Companies can damage public safety by bad practices, e. g., melamine in
infant formula from China
+Classic Conservatism
 Owes formulation to Edmund Burke in late 18 th century
 Believes liberalism places too much faith in

rationalism: individuals are venal, irrationally
passionate
 Rely on society’s institutions and traditions that have

developed over a long period; not perfect, but they
Edmund Burke work
 Avoid too much centralization of government; local

issues should be decided locally to extent possible
+Modern Liberalism
 Thomas Green in 1880s pointed out that “free market”

economic situations actually take away freedom.
 Smith envisaged what Green called “negative freedom”
 Green emphasized need for positive freedom
 John Maynard Keynes further enlarged modern liberalism’s

reliance on government
+Modern Liberalism
 By the late nineteenth century, it was clear that the free market was not as self-regulating as
Smith had thought.
 Competition was imperfect.
 Manufacturers rigged the market.
 Monopoly.
 The system produced a large underclass of the terribly poor.

 Class positions were largely inherited; children of better-off families got the education and
connections to stay on top.
 Bouts of speculative investing led to recurring economic depressions which especially hurt
the poor and the working class.
 In short, the laissez-faire economy created some problems.
+Modern Conservatism
 Descendant of Classic Liberalism (still called liberals in Europe)
 Emphasizes minimal government: resurrected by Ronald Reagan and

Margaret Thatcher
 Draws on Edmund Burke’s ideas of the importance for tradition,

especially in religion
 Combination of Smith’s economic ideas and Burke’s traditionalist

ideas
+Marxist Socialism
 Karl Marx moved by the oppression of workers in
19th century capitalist industrial societies.
 He believed the capitalist system would be

overthrown by the proletariat (workers) when their
misery became too great and they developed class
consciousness.
 Ultimately, production becomes very high and all

have a sufficiency of goods
Karl Marx
 The perfect society – communism – develops and the
state withers away
+Social Democracy
 Eduard Bernstein, originally a German Marxist, led

the Social Democrats in electing members to
Reichstag
 They began to improve conditions for the masses

with social programs
 After World War II social democratic parties in

Europe abandoned Marxism and revolution; also
abandoned state ownership of industry
 Welfare states are expensive, require substantial

taxes, and slow economic growth
+Communism
 Imperialism – Amassing of colonial empires, mostly by
European powers; pejorative in Marxist terms
 Organization – Lenin made his party (Bolsheviks)

small, secretive, and tightly organized so less
vulnerable to secret police
 Comintern – Moscow’s entity to bring all socialist

parties under its control
+Maoism and Titoism
 Maoism – Extreme form of communism,
featuring guerrilla warfare and periodic
upheavals
 Used series of reform movements to keep the

bureaucracy unsettled, to prevent its
entrenchment in power
 Titoism – Mild, decentralized form of

communism
 Reform of Communism, based on

decentralization, debureaucratization, and
worker self-management; was not successful
+Nationalism
 The real winner among ideologies—one that still

dominates today—is nationalism , the exaggerated
belief in the greatness and unity of one’s country.
 The first seeds of nationalism came with the
Renaissance monarchs who proclaimed their
absolute power and the unity and greatness of
their kingdoms.
 Nationality was born out of sovereignty.
 Nationalism, however, appeared only with the
French Revolution, which was based on “the
people” and heightened French feelings about
themselves as a special, leading people destined to
free the rest of Europe.
+Nationalism
 Nationalism – an exaggerated belief in one’s country’s greatness and

unity
 In 19th century, nation defined as ultimate human value
 Nationalism develops when a population resents being ruled by a

different population; Nationalism also develops when a country thinks
another is trying to dominate it.
 Nationalism leads to isolationism, as it tries to keep foreigners out of

ownership of businesses domestically.
+ Fascism
 Fascism grew out of Italian and German nationalism

in 20th century; Mussolini and Hitler are both fascist
 Fascism believes individual serves the state; nations

are in competition for existence with one another
 Supremacy of a race (mostly in Nazi Germany)
 The word fascist has been overused and misused
+
+
+ Fascism
 The Fascists ran the economy by inserting their men into all
key positions.
 Italy looked impressive: There was little crime, much
monumental construction, stable prices, and, as they used
to say, “The trains ran on time.”
 Behind the scenes, however, fascism was a mess, with hidden
unemployment, poor economic performance, and
corruption.
Classic Modern Classic Fascism & Socialis Communism
Liberalism Liberalism Conservatism Nazism m
Individu Individual Individual Individual and Nation Society Society

al centered and society traditional values
and of society
society
State Limited gov. Moderate Limited Strong Strong Theory: no gov.

gov. gov. gov. gov. Practice: Strong
gov.
Means Private Private Private Corp. Collect. Public

of
Pro.
+ The Collapse of Communism
 By 1980s, Russian Communism exhausted
 Gorbachev tried reform of glasnost (media openness), perestroika

(economic restructuring), and democracy with rule of law
 Half-hearted efforts raised discontent and failed economically
 Attempted 1991 coup by hard-line Communists failed
+ Ideologies Today
 Neo-Conservatism
 Libertarianism
 Feminism
 Environmentalism
…
+Neo-Conservatism
 Began as a reaction by some liberals to the Great Society

programs
 Neo-conservatives thought welfare programs were not working,

creating a permanent dependent class
 Neo-conservatives abhorred the multiculturalism and relativism

that seemed to downplay core American values and
determination
+ Libertarianism
 Libertarianism is an ideology strongly emphasizing individual
freedom and very limited government
 In conflict with both Conservatives and Liberals:

 Liberals want personal freedom and controlled economy
 Conservatives want constraints on personal freedom, and free economy
 Libertarians want freedom in both areas
 Libertarians oppose taxes, bureaucracies, and overseas

intervention
+
+ Feminism
 Feminism coalesced in the 1960s, in part

taking inspiration from the civil rights
movement
 Feminists argued that artificial gender roles

prevented women from full attainment
socially, politically, and economically
 Women have nonetheless made progress,

becoming more than half of all law school and
university graduates
+Environmentalism
 In 1960s, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring exposed pesticides’
environmental damage, leading to growing awareness of economic
development’s environmental destruction
 Environmentalists argue we can sensibly reduce consumption and

slow environmental destruction
 Green parties have been formed, as in Germany, to promote

environmental goals
+Is Ideology Finished?
 In 1960, Daniel Bell argued that with the failure of communism and the rise
of the welfare state, there would be an end of ideology
 In 1989, Francis Fukuyama argued “the end of history;” in his view,

liberalism had won the ideological debate over socialism, communism, and
fascism in the 20th century;
 Hence, history as a phenomenon of ideological contest was over
 According to Fukuyama, free people living in free societies was coming to be

the norm; nothing left to fight over

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INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE

Assist. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Karahöyük

 Ideology: A belicertain doctrines

As Anthony Downs put it, ideology is “a verbal image of the

In politics, ideology cements together movements, parties, and

To fight and endure sacrifices, people need ideological

 Scottish economist Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations ,

 Owes formulation to Edmund Burke in late 18 th century

 Believes liberalism places too much faith in

 Rely on society’s institutions and traditions that have

 Avoid too much centralization of government; local

 Thomas Green in 1880s pointed out that “free market”

 Smith envisaged what Green called “negative freedom”

 Green emphasized need for positive freedom

 John Maynard Keynes further enlarged modern liberalism’s

 The system produced a large underclass of the terribly poor.

 Descendant of Classic Liberalism (still called liberals in Europe)

 Emphasizes minimal government: resurrected by Ronald Reagan and

 Draws on Edmund Burke’s ideas of the importance for tradition,

 Combination of Smith’s economic ideas and Burke’s traditionalist

 He believed the capitalist system would be

 Ultimately, production becomes very high and all

 Eduard Bernstein, originally a German Marxist, led

 They began to improve conditions for the masses

 After World War II social democratic parties in

 Welfare states are expensive, require substantial

 Organization – Lenin made his party (Bolsheviks)

 Comintern – Moscow’s entity to bring all socialist

 Used series of reform movements to keep the

 Titoism – Mild, decentralized form of

 Reform of Communism, based on

 The real winner among ideologies—one that still

 Nationalism – an exaggerated belief in one’s country’s greatness and

 In 19th century, nation defined as ultimate human value

 Nationalism develops when a population resents being ruled by a

 Nationalism leads to isolationism, as it tries to keep foreigners out of

 Fascism grew out of Italian and German nationalism

 Fascism believes individual serves the state; nations

 Supremacy of a race (mostly in Nazi Germany)

 The word fascist has been overused and misused

Individu Individual Individual Individual and Nation Society Society

State Limited gov. Moderate Limited Strong Strong Theory: no gov.

Means Private Private Private Corp. Collect. Public

 By 1980s, Russian Communism exhausted

 Gorbachev tried reform of glasnost (media openness), perestroika

 Half-hearted efforts raised discontent and failed economically

 Attempted 1991 coup by hard-line Communists failed

 Began as a reaction by some liberals to the Great Society

 Neo-conservatives thought welfare programs were not working,

 Neo-conservatives abhorred the multiculturalism and relativism

 In conflict with both Conservatives and Liberals:

 Libertarians oppose taxes, bureaucracies, and overseas

 Feminism coalesced in the 1960s, in part

 Feminists argued that artificial gender roles

 Women have nonetheless made progress,

 Environmentalists argue we can sensibly reduce consumption and

 Green parties have been formed, as in Germany, to promote

 In 1989, Francis Fukuyama argued “the end of history;” in his view,

 Hence, history as a phenomenon of ideological contest was over

 According to Fukuyama, free people living in free societies was coming to be

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