ENVIRONMENTAL

CONCERNS

INDUSTRIALISATION
AND
NUCLEAR WASTE
MANAGEMENT
 Industrialisation is the process
of social and economic change
that transforms a human group
from an agrarian society into an
industrial one. It is a part of a
wider modernisation process,
where social change and
economic development are
closely related with
technological innovation,
particularly with the
development of large-scale
energy and metallurgy
production. It is the extensive
organisation of an economy for
the purpose of manufacturing.
 Solid, liquid and gaseous waste products are
released into the atmosphere from various
processing industries.
 They vary vastly from industry to industry
depending upon the raw materials used and the
manufacturing process.
 Domestic wastes have a neutral pH and exert
an oxygen demand of 200 mg/L.
 But oxygen requirement of industrial wastes
may be 10 to 100 times more!
 NEGATIVE
ASPECTS
Global
Warming

Carbon Dioxide
(CO 2 )
Fossil
Fuel
Supply Global
(Oil
Industrial Warming
or
Gas) Plant
(Factory)
Traditional
Motors
80%
Efficiency Wasted
Electrical Electrical
Power Electricity
Energy
Generation
Plant
Other
Users
 Electrical Generator Energy
Use of energy from Electrical Generator

Other Users 30%

Energy Consumed
by Industrial Plant
70% to Drive Traditional

Motors

5
 MOTOR ENERGY LOSSES
Energy Losses
With industrial Due to Inefficiency of
Traditional Motors
plant traditional
14%
motor efficiency
of about 80%,
30% Useful Energy
14% of energy 56% Consumed by
Industrial
delivered by power Plant to Drive
Traditional
plant is lost. Motors
Other Users

Energy Distribution Showing Losses

 Technological Classification of
Industries
 Resource-based industries (for instance : processed food, wood,
leather, refined petroleum & rubber products);

 Low technology industries (for instance : textiles, garments, footwear,

furniture, glassware, toys);

 Medium technology industries (for instance : automotive industry,

chemicals, metal products, machinery)

 High technology industries (for instance : electronics,

pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, precision instruments, aerospace ).
THE WAY FORWARD

No Carbon
Dioxide
Emissions &
No Global
Warming

Industrial
Plant Little
(Factory) Electrical
BLDC Motors Energy
Driven By
Driven By Lost
Green Magnetic
Time-Space
Atomic Motors
Electrical Transformation
Power Electricity
Generation
Plant
Other
Users

Fig. 6 Green Magnetic Atomic Motors (No Fossil Fuel) and Brushless DC
(BLDC) Motors Driven By Time-Space Transformation 95% Efficiency
What concerns do
you have about
nuclear fuel
storage and
transportation?
 WASTE STORAGE ALTERNATIVES
• Leave It Where It Is
• Deep Geologic Disposal
• Yucca Mountain, Nevada
• Salt Cave Disposal
• WIPP near Carlsbad, New Mexico
• Very Deep Holes (6 miles)
• Ice-Sheet Disposal
• Space Disposal
• Sub-Seabed Disposal
• Island Geologic Disposal
• Deep-Well Injection Disposal
• Vitrification (Glass Waste)
• Reprocessing
 NIMBY: NOT IN MY BACK YARD
• Fear of radiation because they don’t
understand it
• Concern that the waste facility will
release long-term contamination
• Worry that property values will be reduced
with construction of a waste facility
• Belief that power companies are the ones
responsible for storing their own waste
• People don’t want dumped on by other
peoples’ waste
• Belief that nuclear power should just go
away and be replaced by other energy
resources
• Environmental concerns
CURRENT HIGH-LEVEL WASTE
STORAGE IN THE U.S. 
 YUCCA MOUNTAIN

Yucca Mountain
• Technically sound
• 1,000’ below ground
• Repository in block of
solid rock
• 1,000’ above water table
• Remote location on Nevada
Test Range

It is better to have used nuclear fuel in one location

DEEP GEOLOGIC REPOSITORY
STORAGE
CONCERNS
 WASTE
ISOLATION
PILOT PLANT

• Opened March 26, 1999

• Storage of transuranic
waste leftover from
research an production of
nuclear weapons
PRIVATE FUEL STORAGE
(SKULL VALLEY, UTAH)

• Temporary storage of
spent nuclear fuel
until Yucca Mountain
is operational
• Goshute Indian Skull
Valley Band
• 3-ft thick concrete
storage pads
WHAT ABOUT LOW-LEVEL WASTE?
• Class A (hazard for 100 y)
• Soil and building debris
• Contaminated tools and equipment
• Contaminated clothes and gloves
• Ion exchange resin from liquid cleanup
• Class B and C (hazard for 300 and 500 y)
• Smoke detectors and exit signs
• Medical Waste
• Activated Metals
• Medical Research Materials
• Manufacturing Materials
TYPICAL LOW-LEVEL WASTE
DISPOSAL SITE

Hanford (Nuclear News, November 2004)